1.1. Crude Oil Price Increases 2

1.2. Historical Electricity Use — Community Concourse (San Diego, California) 3

2.1. Escalation of Gasoline Prices in the Los Angeles Area 12

2.2. Ultimate World Production of Crude Oil 14

2.3. Annual Energy Output 18

3.1. Heat Recovery Using an Air Preheater 30

3.2. Flow Diagram of Mine Air Heating and Compressor Cooling Cycle 31

4.1. Organization Chart: Energy Management Program for XYZ Industries, Inc., Long Island, N.Y 37

4.2. Interdepartmental Energy Conservation Committee City of Los Angeles 38

4.3. Historical Energy Use XYZ Industries 39

4.4. Energy Use Per Capita 40

4.5. Energy Tracking in a Large Department Store 43

5.1. Schematic Site for Energy Audit Concept Development 48

5.2. Site Survey Methodology 51

5.3. Site Survey: Electrical Systems 52

5.4. Site Survey: Steam 53

5.5. Site Survey: Water System 54

5.6A. Site Survey: Summary Sheet 56

5.6B. Area Energy Audit Summary 57

5.7. Building Survey Methodology 58

5.8. A Building Survey Team Being Briefed on Energy Use in a Chemical Processing Plant 59

5.9. Basic Energy Audit Instrumentation 60

5.10. Building Survey Form 63

5.11. Computer Summary of Building Survey Data 64-65

5.12. Building Survey Summary Sheet 67

5.13. Energy Appraisal Methodology 68

5.14. Building Profile Data Sheet 69

6.1. Pumping Process Showing Losses 88

6.2. A Pumping Example in an Integrated Process Plant 89

6.3. The Aggregate Impact of Inefficiency 91

7.1. Psychrometric Chart 96

7.2. Components of a Typical HVAC System 99

7.3. Typical HVAC System Configurations

7.4. Basic HVAC System Model 104

7.5. Typical Chiller Operation Cycle 108

7.6. A Large HVAC Chiller 109

7.7. Fan Power Consumption for Various Types of Part Load Controls 114

7.8. Typical Fan Performance Curve 115

7.9. Typical Pump Curves 119

7.10. A Typical HVAC Pump 120

7.11. Cooling Tower Sketch and Energy Balance 121

7.12. Typical Variable Air Volume Supplementation Terminal Reheat System 125

7.13. Simultaneous Heating and Cooling of the Dual Duct System 128

7.14. Design of Split Flow Modifications of HVAC System 129

7.15. Typical Economizer Control Modification 132

7.16. Addition of Recirculation to Once-Through HVAC System to Recover Heat 133

7.17. Typical Heat Pipe Installation in a Facility Where Recirculation Is Not Possible 135

7.18. A Typical Run-Around System 136

8.1. Sample Lighting Calculation 157

8.2. Office Illumination Calculation 158

8.3. Coefficients of Utilization for Typical Luminaires 161

8.4. Luminaire Maintenance Factors 162

8.5. Typical Lighting System Wiring Diagrams 163

8.6. Typical Single-Phase Lighting Branch Circuit 173

8.7. Dirt Reduces Light Output 191

8.8. Loss of Light to Dirt Collected 192

8.9. Three-Phase Voltage and Current Relations 195

8.10. Efficiency of Representative Electric Motors 197

8.11. Equivalent Motor Circuit for Determining Motor Losses 199

8.12. Models for Heat Loss Calculations 208

8.13. Steel Mill Daily Load Curves 215

8.14. Power Factor and Load Considerations 221

9.1. Relationship between Boiler Heat Loss and Excess Air 246

9.2. Potential Fuel Savings for Boilers from Flue-Gas Analysis 247

9.3. A Package Boiler Suitable for Gas or Oil Firing 248

9.4. Relationship Between CO2, O2 and Excess Air 250

9.5. Boiler Efficiency Curves 251

9.6. Approximate Fuel Savings When Heated Combustion Air Is Used in Boiler Units 252

9.7. Heat Loss from Steam Leaks 253

9.8. Heat Loss from Bare Lines 254

9.9. Pressure Drop and Fluid Friction 258

9.10. Heat Recovery from Refrigeration System Compressor 261

9.11. Refrigerant Chart and Condensing Unit Refrigerant Cycle 262

9.12. Heat Recovery from Condensing Unit 263

9.13. Effects of Lowering Pressure 269

9.14. Air Compressor Temperature Measurements 271

10.1. Passive Design Techniques Used by Indian Cave Dwellers 285

10.2. Use of a Wind Tower to Cool Buildings 287

10.3. Air Conditioning by Insects 289

10.4. Use of Underground Burrows by Kangaroo Rats to Moderate Seasonal Temperature Variations 290

10.5. Desert Rodent Burrows and Nests 291

10.6. Lightweight Insulated Shelter for Mount Everest Expedition 300

10.7. Design Concepts for Energy Efficient Buildings 309

10.8. Building Energy Management Opportunities (EMOs) 311

10.9. Upinsmoke Public Utility District Corporate Headquarters Building 317

10.10. Building Floor Plan 319

10.11. Summer Load Profile 321

10.12. A.C Load of Building 321

10.13. Savings within Each Modification of A.C. Load Category 324

10.14. A.C Load: Total Savings as a Result of Modifications 325

10.15. HVAC Equipment Schematic 327

10.16. HVAC System Present Condition (Electrical Side Only) 328

10.17. Savings within Each Category of HVAC System 331

10.18. HVAC System: Total Savings as a Result of Modifications 332

10.19. U.P.U.D Revised Daily Load Curve 335

11.1. Elements of a Computer System 340

11.2. ENHIST Flow Chart...