Enhanced Oil Recovery (eBook)
208 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-1-85617-856-3 (ISBN)
Enhanced-Oil Recovery (EOR) evaluations focused on asset acquisition or rejuvenation involve a combination of complex decisions, using different data sources. EOR projects have been traditionally associated with high CAPEX and OPEX, as well as high financial risk, which tend to limit the number of EOR projects launched. In this book, the authors propose workflows for EOR evaluations that account for different volumes and quality of information. This flexible workflow has been successfully applied to oil property evaluations and EOR feasibility studies in many oil reservoirs. The methodology associated with the workflow relies on traditional (look-up tables, XY correlations, etc.) and more advanced (data mining for analog reservoir search and geology indicators) screening methods, emphasizing identification of analogues to support decision making. The screening phase is combined with analytical or simplified numerical simulations to estimate full-field performance by using reservoir data-driven segmentation procedures.
- Case Studies form Asia, Canada, Mexico, South America and the United States
- Assets evaluated include reservoir types ranging from oil sands to condensate reservoirs.
- Different stages of development and information availability are discussed
Enhanced-Oil Recovery (EOR) evaluations focused on asset acquisition or rejuvenation involve a combination of complex decisions, using different data sources. EOR projects have been traditionally associated with high CAPEX and OPEX, as well as high financial risk, which tend to limit the number of EOR projects launched. In this book, the authors propose workflows for EOR evaluations that account for different volumes and quality of information. This flexible workflow has been successfully applied to oil property evaluations and EOR feasibility studies in many oil reservoirs. The methodology associated with the workflow relies on traditional (look-up tables, XY correlations, etc.) and more advanced (data mining for analog reservoir search and geology indicators) screening methods, emphasizing identification of analogues to support decision making. The screening phase is combined with analytical or simplified numerical simulations to estimate full-field performance by using reservoir data-driven segmentation procedures. - Case Studies form Asia, Canada, Mexico, South America and the United States- Assets evaluated include reservoir types ranging from oil sands to condensate reservoirs- Different stages of development and information availability are discussed
Front Cover 1
Enhanced Oil Recovery 2
Copyright Page 3
Dedication 4
Contents 6
Preface 8
Acknowledgments 8
Introduction 10
Chapter 1: Reservoir Development Plans 18
Chapter 2: Enhanced Oil Recovery Concepts 24
2.1. Introduction 24
2.2. What is Enhanced Oil Recovery? 25
2.2.1 IOR and EOR Definitions 26
2.3. Enhanced Oil Recovery Methods 28
2.3.1 Oil Recovery Controls 29
2.3.2 Classification of EOR Methods 31
Chapter 3: Simulations and Simulation Options 34
3.1. Introduction 34
3.2. A Simulation Model 35
3.2.1 Mass Balance 35
3.2.2 Momentum Balance 36
3.2.3 Energy Conservation 36
3.2.4 Pressure–Volume–Temperature 36
3.3. Objectives of Simulations 37
3.3.1 Reservoir Characterization 37
3.3.2 Production Forecasts 37
3.4. Analytical Simulations 38
3.4.1 Steps for Analytical Evaluations 41
3.4.2 Field Case 46
Chapter 4: Screening Methods 60
4.1. Introduction 60
4.2. Conventional Screening 61
4.3. Geologic Screening 70
4.4. Advanced EOR Screening 81
4.4.1 Identifying Reservoir Analog 85
4.4.2 Analyzing a Portfolio of Oil Reservoirs 90
4.4.3 Other Applications 93
4.4.4 CO2 Expert Maps 93
Chapter 5: Evaluating Soft Issues 98
5.1. Introduction 98
5.2. Injection Fluids 99
5.3. Carbon Dioxide 100
5.4. Geographic Location 101
5.5. Other Soft Issues 103
5.5.1 Regulations 103
5.5.2 Public Opinion 104
5.5.3 Expiration Dates 104
5.5.4 New Technologies 104
5.5.5 Public Information 105
5.5.6 Cost of Imports 105
5.5.7 Labor 106
5.5.8 Summary 106
Chapter 6: Economic Considerations And Framing 108
6.1. Introduction 108
6.2. Framing Decisions 108
6.2.1 What Is a Decision? 109
6.2.2 Decision Objective Function and Financial Indicators 110
6.2.3 Framing an EOR Problem 112
6.2.4 Using Influence Diagrams and Decision Trees 114
6.3. Economic Evaluations 117
6.3.1 Basic Economics of Steam Flooding 119
6.3.2 Basic Economics of Chemical Flooding 122
6.4. CO2-EOR Storage as It Relates To Costs 123
6.5. EOR Incentives 126
Chapter 7: Methodology 130
7.1. Introduction 130
7.1.1 Conventional Screening 132
7.1.2 Geologic Screening 132
7.1.3 Advanced Screening 133
7.2. Evaluating Soft Issues 134
7.3. Predicting Performance 134
7.4. Economics 134
7.5. Field Cases 135
7.5.1 Field Case Type I: Time Constraints and Lack of Data 135
7.5.2 Field Case Type II: Insufficient Time to Use Data 142
Chapter 8: EOR's Current Status 150
8.1. Introduction 150
8.2. EOR By Lithology 153
8.2.1 EOR in Sandstone Formations 153
8.2.2 EOR in Carbonate Formations 164
8.3. Offshore Versus Onshore EOR 170
Chapter 9: Closing Remarks 174
References 176
Index 204
Erscheint lt. Verlag | 30.7.2010 |
---|---|
Sprache | englisch |
Themenwelt | Naturwissenschaften ► Physik / Astronomie |
Technik ► Bauwesen | |
Technik ► Elektrotechnik / Energietechnik | |
Wirtschaft | |
ISBN-10 | 1-85617-856-0 / 1856178560 |
ISBN-13 | 978-1-85617-856-3 / 9781856178563 |
Haben Sie eine Frage zum Produkt? |
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