Forest Management and Planning (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Forest Management and Planning 4
Copyright Page 5
Dedication Page 11
Contents 6
Preface 10
Chapter 1: Management of Forests and Other Natural Resources 12
I. Management of Forests and Other Natural Resources 13
II. Challenges Related to the Management of Forests 13
III. Planning for the Management of Natural Resources 14
IV. Characterizing Decision-Making Processes 15
A. The View from the Management Sciences 16
B. A Broad View on Planning within Natural Resource Management Organizations 17
C. A Hierarchy of Planning within Natural Resource Management Organizations 19
D. Community or Cooperative Planning of Forests 20
E. Adaptive Management and Planning of Forests 20
V. Challenges Related to Forest Planning 21
VI. Information Movement within a Typical Natural Resources Management Organization 21
VII. Summary 22
References 23
Chapter 2: Valuing and Characterizing Forest Conditions 26
I. The Need to Evaluate Resources for Natural Resource Planning 27
II. Structural Evaluation of Natural Resources 27
A. Trees per Unit Area 27
B. Average Diameter of Trees 27
C. Diameter Distribution of Trees 28
D. Basal Area 28
E. Quadratic Mean Diameter of Trees 29
F. Average Height 30
G. Timber Volume 30
H. Mean Annual Increment, Periodic Annual Increment 31
I. Snags 33
J. Down Woody Debris 33
K. Crown or Canopy Cover 33
L. Age 34
M. Biomass and Carbon 35
N. Pine Straw 36
O. Other Nontimber Forest Products 36
P. Site Quality 37
Q. Stocking and Density 39
III. Economic Evaluation of Natural Reasouces 40
A. Basic Concepts: Present and Future Values 41
B. Net Present Value 49
C. Internal Rate of Return 50
D. Benefit/Cost Ratio 50
E. Equal Annual Equivalent 51
F. Soil Expectation Value 51
G. Other Mixed-Method Economic Assessments 53
H. Selecting Discount Rates 54
I. Forest Taxation 55
IV. Environmental and Social Evaluation of Natural Resources 57
A. Habitat Suitability 57
B. Recreation Values 57
C. Water Resources 58
D. Stream Habitat Values 59
E. Air Quality 60
F. Employment and Income 62
V. Summary 62
References 65
Chapter 3: Geographic Information and Land Classification in Support of Forest Planning 68
I. Geographic Information Systems 69
A. Geographic Data Collection Processes 69
B. Geographic Data Structures 71
C. Geographic Data Used in This Book 73
D. Geographic Information Processes 74
II. Land Classification 78
A. Strata-based Land Classifications 80
B. Land Classification Based on Units of Land 82
C. Land Classification Based on Spatial Position 82
III. Summary 83
References 84
Chapter 4: Estimation and Projection of Stand and Forest Conditions 86
I. The Growth of Forests 87
A. Growth of Even-Aged Stands 88
B. Growth of Uneven-Aged Stands 91
C. Growth of Two-Aged Stands 94
D. Growth Transition through Time 95
II. Projecting Stand Conditions 102
A. Growth and Yield Tables 102
B. Growth and Yield Simulators 104
C. Brief Summary of Some Growth and Yield Simulators 107
III. Output from Growth and Yield Models 110
IV. Model Evaluation 110
V. Summary 111
References 112
Chapter 5: Optimization of Tree- and Stand-Level Objectives 114
I. Optimization 115
II. Tree-level Optimization 116
III. Stand-level Optimization 117
A. Optimum Timber Rotation 118
B. Optimum Thinning Timing 120
C. Optimum Stand Density or Stocking 121
IV. Mathematical Models for Optimizing Stand-level Management Regimes 122
V. Dynamic Programming 122
A. Recursive Relationships 124
B. Caveats of Dynamic Programming 124
C. Disadvantages of Dynamic Programming 124
D. Dynamic Programming Example-An Evening Out 125
E. Dynamic Programming Example-Western Stand Thinning, Fixed Rotation Length 127
F. Dynamic Programming Example-Southern Stand Thinning, Varying Rotation Lengths 129
VI. Summary 133
References 134
Chapter 6: Graphical Solution Techniques for Two-Variable Linear Problems 136
I. Translating Forestry and Natural Resource Problems from Word Problems into Mathematical Relationships 137
II. Example Problems in Natural Resource Management 138
A. A Road Construction Plan 138
B. A Plan for Developing Snags to Enhance Wildlife Habitat 142
C. A Plan for Fish Habitat Development 144
D. A Hurricane Clean-up Plan 145
III. Optimality, Feasibility, and Efficiency 147
IV. Summary 149
Chapter 7: Linear Programming 152
I. Introduction 153
II. Four Assumptions Inherent in Standard Linear Programming Models 153
A. The Assumption of Proportionality 153
B. The Assumption of Additivity 153
C. The Assumption of Divisibility 153
D. The Assumption of Certainty 153
III. Objective Functions for Linear Programming Problems 154
IV. Accounting Rows for Linear Programming Problems 155
A. Accounting Rows Related to Land Areas Scheduled for Treatment 156
B. Wood Flow-Related Accounting Rows 157
C. Habitat-Related Accounting Rows 158
V. Constraints for Linear Programming Problems 159
A. Resource Constraints 159
B. Policy Constraints 160
VI. Detached Coefficient Matrix 162
VII. Model I, II, and III Linear Programming Problems 163
VIII. Interpretation of Results Generated from Linear Programming Problems 164
A. Objective Function Value, Variable Values, and Reduced Costs 165
B. Slack and Duel Prices 166
IX. Assessing Alternative Management Scenarios 167
X. Case Study: Western Forest 168
XI. Summary 171
References 173
Chapter 8: Advanced Planning Techniques 174
I. Extensions to Linear Programming 174
A. Mixed Integer Programming 175
B. Integer Programming 177
C. Goal Programming 178
II. Binary Search 180
III. Heuristic Methods 183
A. Monte Carlo Simulation 185
B. Simulated Annealing 186
C. Threshold Accepting 187
D. Tabu Search 187
E. Genetic Algorithms 188
F. Other Heuristics 189
IV. Forest Planning Software 190
A. Spectrum 190
B. Habplan 190
C. Magis 191
D. Woodstock/Stanley 191
V. Summary 192
References 194
Chapter 9: Forest and Natural Resource Sustainability 196
I. Sustainability of Forests and Other Natural Resources 196
II. Sustainability of Production 198
III. Sustainability of Multiple Uses 200
IV. Sustainability of Ecosystems and Social Values 202
V. Incorporating Measures of Sustainability into Forest Plans 204
VI. Sustainability beyond the Immediate Forest 206
VII. Summary 207
References 208
Chapter 10: Models of Desired Forest Structure 210
I. The Normal Forest 210
II. The Regulated Forest 215
III. Irregular Forest Structures 217
IV. Structures Guided by a Historical Range of Variability 218
V. Structures Not Easily Classified 220
VI. Summary 221
Chapter 11: Control Techniques for Commodity Production and Wildlife Objectives 224
I. Controlling the Area Scheduled 225
II. Controlling the Volume Scheduled 226
A. The Hanzlik Formula for Volume Control 228
B. The Von Mantel Formula for Volume Control 230
C. The Austrian Formula for Volume Control 232
D. The Hundeshagen Formula for Volume Control 234
E. The Meyer Amortization Method for Volume Control 235
F. The Heyer Method for Volume Control 236
G. Structural Methods for Volume Control 237
III. Application of Area and Volume Control to the Putnam Tract 237
A. Area Control 237
B. Volume Control-Hanzlik Formula 237
C. Volume Control-Von Mantel Formula 238
D. Volume Control-Austrian Formula 238
E. Volume Control-Hundeshagen Formula 238
F. Volume Control-Meyer Formula 238
IV. Area-Volume Check 238
V. Wildlife Habitat Control 239
VI. The Allowable Cut Effect 240
VII. Summary 242
References 244
Chapter 12: Spatial Restrictions and Considerations in Forest Planning 246
I. Adjacency and Green-up Rules as They Relate to Clearcut Harvesting 247
II. Adjacency and Green-up of Group-Selection Patch Harvests 252
III. Habitat Quality Considerations 253
A. Case 1: Elk Habitat Quality 254
B. Case 2: Bird Species Habitat Considerations 254
C. Case 3: Red-Cockaded Woodpecker Habitat Considerations 255
D. Case 4: Spotted Owl Habitat Quality 257
IV. Road and Trail Maintenance and Construction 260
A. Case 1: Road Management Problem 260
B. Case 2: Trail Development Problem 262
V. Summary 265
References 266
Chapter 13: Hierarchical System for Planning and Scheduling Management Activities 268
I. Strategic Planning 269
II. Tactical Planning 269
III. Operational Planning 270
IV. Vertical Integration of Planning Processes 271
V. Blended, Combined, and Adaptive Approaches 272
VI. Your Involvement in Forest Planning Processes 273
VII. Summary 274
References 275
Chapter 14: Forest Supply Chain Management 278
I. Components of a Forestry Supply Chain 279
II. Association with the Hierarchy of Forest Planning 282
III. Mathematical Formulations Associated with Forestry Supply Chain Components 285
IV. Sources of Variation in the Forestry Supply Chain 288
V. Summary 289
References 290
Chapter 15: Forest Certification and Carbon Sequestration 292
I. Overview of Forest Certification 293
II. Forest Certification Programs 296
A. Sustainable Forestry Initiative 296
B. Forest Stewardship Council 297
C. American Tree Farm System 299
D. Green Tag Forestry System 299
E. Canadian Standards Association 299
F. International Organization for Standardization, Standard 14001 300
G. Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification Schemes 300
III. Cost and Benefits of Forest Certification 300
IV. Forest Carbon Sequestration 301
V. Opportunities and Challenges in Increasing Forest Carbon Storage 302
VI. Emission Trading 303
VII. Selected U.S. Carbon Reporting and Trading Schemes 303
VIII. Forest Carbon Implications for Forest Management 304
IX. Summary 305
References 305
Appendix A: Databases Used Throughout Forest Management and Planning 308
I. A Douglas-Fir Stand from Western Oregon 308
II. The Lincoln Tract 317
III. The Putnam Tract 321
Reference 324
Appendix B: The Simplex Method for Solving Linear Planning Problems 326
I. An Overview of the Simplex Method 326
II. Ten Steps That Represent the Simplex Method 327
III. A Two-Variable, Two-Constraint Problem Solved with the Simplex Method 329
References 333
Appendix C: Writing a Memorandum or Report 334
I. Memorandums 334
II. Reports 335
Index 338