Pearl Oyster (eBook)

Front Cover 1
The Pearl Oyster 4
Copyright Page 5
Contents 6
Preface 8
List of Contributors 10
Dedication 12
Acknowledgments 14
Chapter 1. Introduction 16
1.1. HISTORICAL OVERVIEW 16
1.2. COUNTRIES OF ORIGIN 25
1.3. INDIAN OCEAN 26
1.4. INDIAN/PACIFIC OCEAN 36
1.5. SOUTHEAST ASIA 39
1.6. PACIFIC OCEAN 42
1.7. CENTRAL AMERICA 46
1.8. SUMMARY 50
REFERENCES 50
Chapter 2. Taxonomy and Phylogeny 52
2.1. INTRODUCTION 52
2.2. GENERA 53
2.3. COMMERCIAL SPECIES 57
2.4. PHYLOGENY 78
2.5. SUMMARY 81
REFERENCES 81
Chapter 3. Soft Tissue Anatomy, Shell Structure and Biomineralization 92
3.1. INTRODUCTION 92
3.2. ANATOMY OF SOFT TISSUES OF PINCTADA MARGARITIFERA 93
3.3. SHELL STRUCTURE AND MINERALIZATION 105
3.4. SUMMARY 113
REFERENCES 114
Chapter 4. Feeding and Metabolism 118
4.1. FOOD SOURCES 118
4.2. FEEDING MECHANISMS 121
4.3. METABOLISM AND SCOPE FOR GROWTH 136
4.4. SUMMARY 141
REFERENCES 142
Chapter 5. Reproduction, Development and Growth 146
5.1. INTRODUCTION 146
5.2. FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM AND ACCESSORY TISSUES 150
5.3. SEX CHARACTERISTICS 154
5.4. REPRODUCTIVE, GAMETOGENIC AND BREEDING CYCLES 158
5.5. REPRODUCTIVE PHYSIOLOGY 164
5.6. FACTORS INFLUENCING REPRODUCTION 173
5.7. DEVELOPMENT AND GROWTH 176
5.8. SUMMARY 191
REFERENCES 192
Chapter 6. Environmental Influences 202
6.1. INTRODUCTION 202
6.2. FOOD 203
6.3. TEMPERATURE 208
6.4. SALINITY 216
6.5. OXYGEN 221
6.6. CURRENTS 225
6.7. DEPTH AND AERIAL EXPOSURE 226
6.8. TURBIDITY 229
6.9. POLLUTION AND TOXINS 230
6.10. MODELING ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES 233
6.11. PEARL QUALITY 235
6.12. SUMMARY 236
REFERENCES 237
Chapter 7. Pearl Oyster Culture 246
7.1. INTRODUCTION 246
7.2. SOURCES OF CULTURE STOCK: COLLECTION OF ADULTS 246
7.3. SOURCES OF CULTURE STOCK: SPAT COLLECTION 247
7.4. SOURCES OF CULTURE STOCK: HATCHERY PRODUCTION 250
7.5. CULTURE INFRASTRUCTURE 272
7.6. NURSERY CULTURE AND GROW-OUT 277
7.7. SUMMARY 282
REFERENCES 283
Chapter 8. Pearl Production 288
8.1. INTRODUCTION 288
8.2. PEARL FORMATION 288
8.3. NATURAL PEARLS 289
8.4. THE STRUCTURE OF PEARLS 292
8.5. PROPERTIES OF PEARLS 294
8.6. CULTURED PEARLS 295
8.7. COMPOSITE PEARL PRODUCTION 296
8.8. NON-NUCLEATED PEARL PRODUCTION 298
8.9. NUCLEATED PEARL PRODUCTION 299
8.10. PEARL QUALITY CRITERIA AND GRADING 308
8.11. FACTORS INFLUENCING PEARL QUALITY 310
8.12. IN VITRO PEARL CULTURE 312
8.13. SUMMARY 313
REFERENCES 314
Chapter 9. Exploitation and Culture of Major Commercial Species 318
9.1. INTRODUCTION 318
9.2. AKOYA PEARL OYSTER 318
9.3. SILVERLIP/GOLDLIP PEARL OYSTER 328
9.4. BLACKLIP PEARL OYSTER 343
9.5. PANAMANIAN PEARL OYSTER 353
9.6. WINGED PEARL OYSTERS 360
9.7. SUMMARY 364
REFERENCES 365
Chapter 10. The Pearl Market 372
10.1. INTRODUCTION 372
10.2. RECENT MARKET TRENDS 372
10.3. PRODUCTION OVERVIEW 373
10.4. FRESHWATER PEARL PRODUCTION 377
10.5. CHALLENGES 378
10.6. FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS 379
REFERENCES 380
Chapter 11. Disease and Predation 382
11.1. INTRODUCTION 382
11.2. CLINICAL RESPONSE TO DISEASE 383
11.3. PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES TO DISEASE 385
11.4. NON-SPECIFIC DISEASES AND CONDITIONS IN LARVAE 387
11.5. NON-SPECIFIC DISEASES AND CONDITIONS IN SPAT TO ADULT STAGES 387
11.6. NON-INFECTIOUS AGENTS CAUSING DISEASE 405
11.7. INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND ORGANISMS 409
11.8. PREDATORS AND PREDATION 438
11.9. SUMMARY 443
REFERENCES 444
Chapter 12. Population Genetics and Stock Improvement 452
12.1. INTRODUCTION 452
12.2. POPULATION GENETICS 452
12.3. QUANTITATIVE GENETICS 464
12.4. CHROMOSOME MANIPULATIONS 471
12.5. EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES AND FUTURE APPLICATIONS 474
12.6. SUMMARY 478
REFERENCES 479
Chapter 13. Economics of Pearl Farming 488
13.1. INTRODUCTION 488
13.2. CHANGING TECHNOLOGIES AND THE INDUSTRY'S MARKET STRUCTURE 489
13.3. THE AUSTRALIAN AND TAHITIAN PEARL INDUSTRIES: CHANGING TECHNOLOGIES AND MARKET STRUCTURE 489
13.4. SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT 493
13.5. PRODUCTION AND TRADE STATISTICS 499
13.6. MARKETING AND THE NATURE OF THE MARKET FOR PEARLS 501
13.7. SUMMARY 508
REFERENCES 509
Chapter 14. Environmental Impacts of Pearl Farming 512
14.1. INTRODUCTION 512
14.2. MECHANISMS OF IMPACT 514
14.3. BIOLOGICAL IMPACTS 515
14.4. PHYSICAL 523
14.5. CHEMICALS 527
14.6. ESTHETICS AND AMENITY 529
14.7. SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTS 532
14.8. SUMMARY 533
REFERENCES 534
Chapter 15. Biofouling 542
15.1. INTRODUCTION 542
15.2. BIOFOULING COMMUNITIES 543
15.3. THE IMPACT OF BIOFOULING 543
15.4. BIOFOULING CONTROL 554
15.5. ALTERNATIVE ANTIFOULING STRATEGIES 559
15.6. BIOFOULING CONTROL AND PROTECTION FOR EQUIPMENT 561
15.7. SUMMARY 562
REFERENCES 563
Chapter 16. Future Developments 570
16.1. INTRODUCTION 570
16.2. THE PEARL MARKET 570
16.3. PEARL-PRODUCING COUNTRIES 571
16.4. FRESHWATER PEARL PRODUCTION 572
16.5. GENETICS AND BREEDING 574
16.6. IN VITRO CULTURE OF PEARLS 574
16.7. BIOREMEDIATION AND BIOSEQUESTRATION 576
16.8. BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS 577
16.9. SUMMARY 578
REFERENCES 579
Index 582
A 582
B 582
C 583
D 583
E 583
F 583
G 584
H 584
I 584
J 585
K 585
L 585
M 585
N 585
O 586
P 586
Q 588
R 588
S 588
T 589
V 589
W 589