Biocatalysis in Oil Refining (eBook)

Cover 1
Table of Contents 12
Foreword 8
Preface 10
Chapter 1 Introduction 20
1. Refining Scenarios 20
2. Biocatalysis 22
Chapter 2 Conventional refining processes 28
1. Introduction 28
2. Hydrotreating Processes 33
2.1. Chemistry 34
2.1.1. Reactions 34
2.1.2. Catalysts 37
2.2. Process 41
3. Gasoline Hydrotreating 43
3.1. Chemistry 44
3.2. Process 45
4. Diesel Hydrotreating 47
4.1. Chemistry 48
4.2. Process 54
5. Vacuum Gas Oil Hydroprocessing 59
5.1. Vacuum Gas Oil Hydrotreating 60
5.2. Vacuum Gas Oil Hydrocracking 62
6. Residue Hydroprocessing 65
6.1. Residue Hydrotreating 67
6.2. Residue Hydrocracking 70
References 75
Chapter 3 Emerging biocatalytic processes 84
1. Preamble 84
2. BDS 86
2.1. General 86
2.2. Biocatalytic Technologies (Microorganisms and Derivations) 87
2.2.1. Initial biodesulfurization efforts 87
2.2.2. Anaerobic Pathways 89
2.2.3. Aerobic sulfur-specific pathways 90
2.2.4. Aerobic Destructive and Ring Opening Pathways 107
2.2.5. Genetics of desulfurizing organisms 110
2.2.6. Purification and characterization of desulfurization enzymes 112
2.2.7. Specificity of desulfurization enzymes 120
2.2.8. Enzymatic desulfurization 121
2.2.9. Biocatalyst production, recycle, and regeneration 122
2.2.10. Engineered strains for desulfurization 126
2.2.11. Strategies for further microbial catalyst improvement 134
2.3. Process Aspects 135
2.3.1. Overall process designs and patented technologies 135
2.3.2. Process parameters and operating conditions 145
2.3.3. Bioreactor design and development 147
2.3.4. Separation of oil-water-biocatalyst mixtures 149
2.3.5. Other process options 153
2.3.6. Diesel biodesulfurization 154
2.3.7. Biodesulfurization of gasoline 160
2.4. Desulfurization of Gaseous Streams 160
2.5. Summary 163
2.5.1. Pioneering biocatalytic work 163
2.5.2. Biocatalyst concept and BDS-active Microorganisms 163
2.5.3. Biocatalytic enzymes 164
2.5.4. Activity improvement 164
2.5.5. Specificity improvement 165
2.5.6. Biocatalyst production and regenerability 166
2.5.7. Bioreactor and process schemes 166
2.5.8. Product separation 167
3. BDN 168
3.1. General 168
3.2. Metabolic Pathways 170
3.2.1. Acridine 171
3.2.2. Carbazole and derivatives 171
3.2.3. Quinoline and derivatives 173
3.2.4. Isoquinoline 179
3.2.5. Indole 180
3.2.6. Pyridine and derivatives 182
3.3. Enzymes 184
3.3.1. Quinoline and related compounds 185
3.3.2. Carbazole 190
3.3.3. Indole 191
3.3.4. General 191
3.4. Microorganisms 191
3.5. Process Aspects 198
3.6. Summary of BDN Advances 202
4. BDM 203
4.1. General 203
4.2. Technical findings 205
4.2.1. Enzymatic work 205
4.2.2. Microbial work 206
5. Bio-Upgrading 208
5.1. General 208
5.1.1. Heavy oil characteristics 209
5.1.2. Pathways for upgrading heavy crudes 210
5.2. Viscosity and MW reduction 211
5.2.1. Structural splitting 211
5.2.2. Oxygen introduction 213
5.2.3. Aromatic ring saturation 218
5.3. Processes 218
5.3.1. Viscosity reduction processes 218
5.3.2. Chemical conversion processes 219
References 223
Chapter 4 Biotechnology and supporting companies 246
1. General 246
2. Biology-Based Organizations 250
2.1. Introduction 250
2.2. Molecular Biology Companies 251
2.2.1. 454 Corporation 251
2.2.2. Advance ChemTech 251
2.2.3. Agowa 252
2.2.4. AlphaGene 252
2.2.5. Alpha Innotech 252
2.2.6. Amplicon Express 252
2.2.7. Ana-Gen 253
2.2.8. Anaspec, Inc. 253
2.2.9. Applera 253
2.2.10. Aurora Biomolecules 253
2.2.11. Biacore 253
2.2.12. Biopro International, Inc. 254
2.2.13. Bioserve Biotechnologies, Ltd. 254
2.2.14. BioVentures 254
2.2.15. BioWorld Products 255
2.2.16. Caliper Life Sciences 255
2.2.17. ChemGenes Corporation 255
2.2.18. Commonwealth Biotechnologies, Inc. 255
2.2.19. DGT Digital Gene Technologies 256
2.2.20. European Molecular Biology Laboratory’s 256
2.2.21. GATC Biotech 256
2.2.22. Miltenyi Biotec 257
2.2.23. Proteinlabs, Inc. 257
2.2.24. Structural Genomics Consortium 257
2.2.25. Structural Genomics Centers 258
2.2.26. Zyomyx, Inc. 258
2.3. Genetic Engineering Companies 258
2.3.1. Aptagen Gene 258
2.3.2. Biotage 258
2.3.3. Cambio 259
2.3.4. Entelechon 259
2.3.5. Geneart 260
2.3.6. Invitrogen 260
2.3.7. Joint Center for Structural Genomics 261
2.3.8. Operon Technologies, Inc. 261
2.3.9. Orchid Cellmark 262
2.3.10. Oxford Gene Technologies 262
2.4. (Microbiology) Depositary Agencies 262
2.4.1. American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) 262
2.4.2. German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Culture 265
2.4.3. Ferm 265
3. Biocatalyst (Enzyme/Protein) Companies 266
3.1. Altus Biologics, Inc. 268
3.2. Applied Enzyme Technology Ltd. 268
3.3. Bachem 269
3.4. Biocatalysts Ltd. 269
3.5. BioCatalytics, Inc. 270
3.6. Biopract 270
3.7. BioResearch Products, Inc. 270
3.8. Diversa Corporation 270
3.9. Enzyme Services and Consultancy 271
3.10. Iogen Corporation 272
3.11. Maps (India) Ltd. 272
3.12. Novozymes A/S 273
3.13. N-Zyme BioTec GmbH 274
3.14. Worthington Biochemical Corporation 274
4. Biotechnology-Based Companies 275
4.1. Acacia Research Corp. 275
4.2. Affymetrix 276
4.3. Apocom Genomics 276
4.4. Aurora Biosciences Corporation 277
4.5. Avecia Biotechnology 277
4.6. AVIVA Biosciences Corporation 277
4.7. Ben Venue Laboratories 278
4.8. Beyond Genomics, Inc. 278
4.9. Bio-Concept Laboratories Inc. 279
4.10. BioZone Laboratories 279
4.11. Biologics Process Development, Inc. 279
4.12. Bio Science Contract Production 279
4.13. BioMetics 280
4.14. Cedra Corporation 280
4.15. Cell & Molecular Technologies, Inc. (CMT)
4.16. ChemOvation Ltd. 281
4.17. Ciphergen Biosystems 281
4.18. Cogenics 281
4.19. deCODE Genetics 282
4.20. Delaware Biotechnology Institute 283
4.21. DiscoveRX Corporation 283
4.22. Dyadic International, Inc. 284
4.23. Enchira Biotechnology 284
4.24. Genencor International, Inc. 285
4.25. Goodwin Biotechnology, Inc. 285
4.26. GPC Biotech’s 286
4.27. HyClone 286
4.28. Illumina, Inc. 286
4.29. Integrated Genomics 287
4.30. Large Scale Biology Corporation 288
4.31. Maxygen, Inc. 288
4.32. MediChem International 290
4.33. Millipore 290
4.34. Molecular Machines & Industries GmbH
4.35. Nanogen, Inc. 291
4.36. Novagen, Inc. 292
4.37. Organix, Inc. 292
4.38. PerkinElmer Life Sciences (Formerly: NEN Life Science Products) 293
4.39. Prior Separation Technology 293
4.40. Proteus 293
4.41. Sangamo BioSciences, Inc. 294
4.42. The Center for Biotechnology 295
4.43. Xencor 295
References 296
Chapter 5 R& D technological results
Overview 298
1. Agip Petroli (Italy) Enichem Anic Spa (Italy), and Eni Tecnologie Spa (Italy)
2. Archaeus Technology Group Ltd. (Great Britain) 304
3. Arctech Inc/Atlantic Research Corporation (United States) 305
4. ASS Universities Inc/Brookhaven Science (United States) 306
5. Atlantic Richfield Co (United States) 310
6. Atlas, Ronald/Southern Pacific Petroleum (United States) 310
7. Babcock & Wilcox Co (United States)
8. BHP Minerals International Inc. (United States) 312
9. Biostar BV (Netherlands) 313
10. BWN Live Oil (Australia) 314
11. Clean Diesel Technologies, Inc. (United States & International)
12. Combustion Engineering (United States) 316
13. Environmental Bioscience Corporation/Energy Biosystems Corp./Enchira Biotechnology Corp. (United States) 317
13.1. Environmental Bioscience Corp (EBC1) 325
13.2. Energy Biosystems Corporation (EBC2) 326
13.3. Enchira Biotechnology Corporation (EBC3) 341
14. Exxon Research and Engineering (ER& E) Co (United States)
15. Gas Research Institute (United States) 345
16. Houston Industries Inc. (United States) 347
17. Imperatrix (United States) 348
18. Institute Francais Du Petrol (France) 349
19. Instituto Mexicano De Petroleo/Universidad Nacional Autonoma De Mexico (Mexico) 350
20. Institute of Gas Technology (United States) 351
21. Institute of Process Engineering (China) 356
22. Intevep S. A. (Venezuela) 356
23. Japanese Cooperating Organizations (Japan) 357
23.1. Agency of Industrial Science & Technology/National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science &
23.2. Japan Cooperation Center, Petroleum (JCCP) 360
23.3. Petroleum Energy Center (PEC) 361
24. Kansai Electric Power (Japan) 364
25. Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (Korea) 365
26. Kurashov, Viktor Mikhajlovich (Russia) 366
27. Kyushu Kankyo Kanri Kyokai (Japan) 367
28. Lambda Group Inc. (United States) 367
29. Marine Biotechnology Institute Co Ltd (Japan) 368
30. Microbes Inc. (United States) 368
31. Ni Aoot Vatel Skij Inst Neftepromyslov (Russia)
32. Nippon Oil Co Ltd (Japan) 370
33. Oldfield, Christopher, Court of Napier University 370
34. Paques Biological Systems BV (Netherlands) 371
35. Petroleo Brasileiro SA (Brazil) 372
36. Petrozyme Technologies Inc (Canada) 373
37. Petroleum Industry Development Center (Sekiyu Sangyo Kasseika Center) Mitsubishi Oil Co Ltd (Japan)
38. Plummer, Mark A (United States) 375
39. Shell Oil Co (Netherlands) 375
40. Standard Oil Co (United States) 376
41. Technology Licensing Organization 377
42. Tonen Corp (Japan) 378
43. Unitika Ltd (Japan) 379
44. Universidad De Alcalá, Universidad Complutense De Madrid, and Consejo Superior De Investigaciones Científicas (Spain) 380
45. University of Osaka (Japan) 380
46. University of Shandong (China) 381
47. University of Waseda (Japan) 381
48. UOP LLC (United States)/Paques Biological Systems BV (Netherlands) 381
49. Valentine, James M (United States) 382
General Discussion 383
References 385
Chapter 6 Research needs and future directions 394
1. Research Needs 394
1.1. Biodesulfurization 394
1.1.1. Over-expression of DszB 398
1.1.2. Substrate specificity of Dsz enzymes 398
1.1.3. Thermostability 399
1.1.4. Benzothiophene desulfurization 399
1.1.5. Desulfurization of highly substituted alkyl and aryl DBTs 399
1.1.6. Process Development 400
1.2. Biodenitrogenation 401
1.3. Biodemetallization 402
1.4. Bioupgrading 402
2. Future Directions 403
2.1. Future scenario 403
2.2. Technology needs 405
References 406
Subject Index 408
STUDIES IN SURFACE SCIENCE AND CATALYSIS 426