Natural Gas Hydrates (eBook)

COVER 1
Natural Gas Hydrates: A Guide for Engineers 4
Copyright Page 5
Contents 8
Preface 16
Acknowledgments 18
Chapter 1. Introduction 20
Natural Gas 21
Water Molecule 22
Hydrates 28
Water and Natural Gas 30
Heavy Water 32
Additional Reading 32
Units 33
References 33
Bibliography 34
Chapter 1 Appendix: Periodic Table of the Elements 35
Chapter 2. Hydrate Types and Formers 36
Type I Hydrates 36
Type II Hydrates 39
Size of the Guest Molecule 39
n-Butane 41
Other Hydrocarbons 41
Cyclopropane 42
2-Butene 42
Hydrogen and Helium 43
Chemical Properties of Potential Guests 43
Liquid Hydrate Formers 43
Type H Hydrates 44
Hydrate-Forming Conditions 44
Quadruple Points 51
Other Hydrate Formers 54
Mixtures 56
Examples 58
References 61
Chapter 2 Appendix: Water Content of the Fluid in Equilibrium with Hydrate for Pure Components 62
Chapter 3. Hand Calculation Methods 69
Gas Gravity Method 70
K-Factor Method 72
Baillie-Wichert Method 79
Comments on These Methods 84
Examples 92
References 96
Chapter 3 Appendix: Katz K-factor Charts 98
Chapter 4. Computer Methods 110
Phase Equilibrium 110
Van Der Waals and Platteeuw 112
Parrish and Prausnitz 112
Ng and Robinson 114
Calculations 114
Commercial Software Packages 116
Accuracy of These Programs 117
Dehydration 126
Margin of Error 128
Examples 128
References 129
Chapter 5. Inhibiting Hydrate Formation with Chemicals 130
Freezing Point Depression 132
Hammerschmidt Equation 134
Nielsen-Bucklin Equation 137
New Method 138
Brine Solutions 142
Comment on the Simple Methods 144
Advanced Calculation Methods 146
Word of Caution 148
Acetone 148
Inhibitor Vaporization 149
Comment on Injection Rates 152
Kinetic Inhibitors 154
Price for Inhibitor Chemicals 154
Examples 154
References 160
Chapter 6. Dehydration of Natural Gas 162
Water Content Specification 162
Glycol Dehydration 163
Approximate Capital Cost 171
Mole Sieves 171
Refrigeration 177
Examples 181
References 183
Chapter 7. Combating Hydrates Using Heat And Pressure 184
Use of Heat 184
Depressurization 194
Melting a Plug with Heat 196
Buildings 198
Capital Costs 198
Examples 198
References 202
Chapter 7 Appendix: Output from Pipe Heat Loss Program for the Examples in the Text 203
Chapter 8. Physical Properties of Hydrates 217
Molar Mass 217
Density 219
Enthalpy of Fusion 220
Heat Capacity 222
Thermal Conductivity 222
Mechanical Properties 222
Volume of Gas in Hydrate 223
Ice versus Hydrate 224
Examples 224
References 228
Chapter 9. Phase Diagrams 229
Phase Rule 229
Comments About Phases 230
Single-Component Systems 231
Binary Systems 233
Phase Behavior Below 0°C 243
Multicomponent Systems 244
Examples 247
References 250
Chapter 10. Water Content of Natural Gas 251
Equilibrium with Liquid Water 251
Equilibrium with Solids 266
Examples 272
References 276
Chapter 10 Appendix: Programs on the Companion Web Site 277
Programs on the Companion Web site 280
Index 286