Gas Well Deliquification (eBook)

front cover 1
copyright 5
table of contents 6
front matter 14
PREFACE 14
body 15
1. INTRODUCTION 15
1.1 INTRODUCTION 15
1.2 MULTIPHASE FLOWIN A GASWELL 16
1.3 WHAT IS LIQUID LOADING? 18
1.4 PROBLEMS CAUSED BY LIQUID LOADING 19
1.5 DELIQUEFYING TECHNIQUES 20
1.6 SOURCE OF LIQUIDS IN A PRODUCING GASWELL 22
2. RECOGNIZING SYMPTOMS OF LIQUID LOADING IN GAS WELLS 26
2.1 INTRODUCTION 26
2.2 PRESENCE OF ORIFICE PRESSURE SPIKES 27
2.3 DECLINE CURVE ANALYSIS 27
2.4 DROP IN TUBING PRESSURE WITH RISE IN CASING PRESSURE 28
2.5 PRESSURE SURVEY SHOWING TUBING LIQUID LEVEL 31
2.6 WELL PERFORMANCEMONITORING 34
2.7 ANNULUS HEADING 34
2.8 LIQUID PRODUCTION CEASES 38
2.9 SUMMARY 38
3. CRITICAL VELOCITY 40
3.1 INTRODUCTION 40
3.2 CRITICAL FLOWCONCEPTS 40
3.3 CRITICALVELOCITYAT DEPTH 51
3.3 CRITICALVELOCITY IN HORIZONTALWELL FLOW 53
4. SYSTEMS NODAL ANALYSIS* 56
4.1 INTRODUCTION 56
4.2 TUBING PERFORMANCE CURVE 58
4.3 RESERVOIR INFLOW PERFORMANCE RELATIONSHIP k IPRp 59
4.4 INTERSECTIONS OF THE TUBING CURVE AND THE DELIVERABILITY CURVE 62
4.5 TUBINGSTABILITYAND FLOWPOINT 65
4.6 TIGHT GAS RESERVOIRS 66
4.7 NODAL EXAMPLE TUBINGSIZE 67
4.8 NODAL EXAMPLE SURFACE PRESSURE EFFECTS: USE COMPRESSION TO LOWER SURFACE PRESSURE 68
4.9 SUMMARY NODAL EXAMPLE OF DEVELOPING IPR FROMTEST DATAWITHT UBING PERFORMANCE 69
4.10 SUMMARY 73
5. SIZING TUBING 74
5.1 INTRODUCTION 74
5.2 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF SMALLER TUBING 74
5.3 CONCEPTS REQUIRED TO SIZE SMALLER TUBING 75
5.4 SIZING TUBINGWITHOUT IPR INFORMATION 80
5.5 FIELD EXAMPLE NO. 1RESULTS OF TUBING CHANGEOUT 82
5.6 FIELD EXAMPLE NO.1 RESULTS OF TUBING CHANGEOUT 82
5.6 PRE- AND POST- EVALUATION 84
5.7 WHERE TO SET THE TUBING 85
5.8 HANGING OFF SMALLER TUBING FROMTHE CURRENT TUBING 87
5.9 SUMMARY 89
6. COMPRESSION 91
6.1 INTRODUCTION 91
6.2 NODAL EXAMPLE 92
6.3 COMPRESSION WITH ATIGHT GAS RESERVOIR 93
6.4 COMPRESSION WITH PLUNGER LIFT SYSTEMS 94
6.5 COMPRESSION WITH BEAMPUMPINGSYSTEMS 96
6.6 COMPRESSION WITH ELECTRIC SUBMERSIBLE SYSTEMS 97
6.7 TYPES OF COMPRESSORS 97
6.8 GAS JET COMPRESSORS OR EDUCTORS 102
6.9 SUMMARY 104
7. PLUNGER LIFT 106
7.1 INTRODCTION 106
7.2 PLUNGERS 108
7.3 PLUNGER CYCLE 110
7.4 PLUNGER LIFT FEASIBILITY 111
7.5 PLUNGER SYSTEM LINE-OUT PROCEDURE 119
7.6 PROBLEM ANALYSIS 127
7.7 NEW PLUNGER CONCEPT 147
7.8 OPERATION WITH WEAK WELLS 149
7.9 PLUNGER SUMMARY 155
8. USE OF FOAM TO DELIQUEFY GAS WELLS 157
8.1 INTRODUCTION 157
8.2 LIQUID REMOVAL PROCESS 158
8.3 FOAM SELECTION 160
8.4 FOAM BASICS 163
8.5 OPERATING CONSIDERATIONS 173
8.6 SUMMARY 184
9. HYDRAULIC PUMPS 186
9.1 INTRODUCTION 186
9.2 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES 191
9.3 THE 1/4 - INCH JET PUMP 194
9.4 SYSTEM COMPARATIVE COSTS 197
9.5 HYDRAULIC PUMP CASE HISTORIES 197
9.6 SUMMARY 198
10. USE OF BEAM PUMPS TO DELIQUEFY GAS WELLS 200
10.1 INTRODUCTION 200
10.2 BASICS OF BEAM PUMP OPERATION 202
10.3 PUMP-OFF CONTROL 204
10.4 GAS SEPARATION TO KEEP GAS OUT OF THE PUMP 208
10.5 HANDLING GAS THROUGH THE PUMP 212
10.6 INJECT LIQUIDS BELOWA PACKER 216
10.7 OTHER PROBLEMS INDICATED BY THE SHAPE OF THE PUMP CARD 218
10.8 SUMMARY 222
11. GAS LIFT 224
11.1 INTRODUCTION 224
11.2 CONTINUOUS GAS LIFT 226
11.3 INTERMITTENT GAS LIFT 226
11.4 GAS LIFT SYSTEMCOMPONENTS 227
11.5 CONTINUOUS GAS LIFT DESIGN OBJECTIVES 229
11.6 GAS LIFT VALVES 230
11.7 GAS LIFT COMPLETIONS 233
11.8 GAS LIFT WITHOUT GAS LIFT VALVES 244
11.9 SUMMARY 245
12. ELECTRIC SUBMERSIBLE PUMPS 247
12.1 INTRODUCTION 247
12.2 ESP SYSTEM 248
12.3 WHAT IS A ‘‘ GASSY’’ WELL? 251
12.4 COMPLETIONS AND SEPARATORS 253
12.5 INJECTIONOF PRODUCEDWATER 256
12.6 SUMMARY 256
REFERENCES 258
13. PROGRESSIVE CAVITY PUMPS 259
13.1 INTRODUCTION 259
13.2 PCP SYSTEMSELECTION 261
13.3 SELECTION AND OPERATIONAL FACTORS 265
13.4 ANCILLARY EQUIPMENT 271
13.5 TROUBLESHOOTING PCP SYSTEMSQ 274
13.6 SUMMARY 276
14. OTHER METHODS TO ATTACK LIQUID– LOADING PROBLEMS 278
14.1 INTRODUCTION 278
14.2 THERMAL METHODS FORWATER OF CONDENSATION 278
14.3 CYCLING 285
14.4 TUBING/ANNULUS SWITCHING CONTROL 286
14.5 TUBING FLOWCONTROL 287
14.6 TUBING COLLAR INSERTS FOR PRODUCING BELOW CRITICALVELOCITY 288
14.7 SUMMARY 289
back matter 290
Appendix A. DEVELOPMENT OF CRITICAL VELOCITY EQUATIONS 290
A. 1 INTRODUCTION 290
A. 2 EQUATION SIMPLIFICATION 293
A. 3 TURNER EQUATIONS 294
A.4 COLEMAN EQUATIONS 294
Appendix B. DEVELOPMENT OF PLUNGER LIFT EQUATIONS 296
B. 1 INTRODUCTION 296
B. 2 MINIMUMCASING PRESSURE 296
B. 3 MAXIMUMCASING PRESSURE 298
B.4 SUMMARY 298
Appendix C. GAS FUNDAMENTALS 300
C.1 INTRODUCTION 300
C.2 PHASE DIAGRAM 300
C.3 GAS APPARENTMOLECULARWEIGHTAND SPECIFIC GRAVITY 300
C.4 GAS LAW 302
C.5 Z FACTOR 303
C.6 GAS FORMATIONVOLUME FACTOR 305
C.7 PRESSURE INCREASE INSTATIC COLUMNOF GAS 306
C.8 CALCULATE THE PRESSURE DROP IN FLOWING DRY GASWELL: CULLENDER AND SMITHMETHODX 307
C.9 PRESSURE DROP IN A GASWELL PRODUCING LIQUIDS 309
C.10 GASWELL DELIVERABILITY EXPRESSIONS 310
INDEX 316