Combustion (eBook)

Cover 1
Contents 10
Preface 16
Acknowledgments 18
Chapter 1. Chemical Thermodynamics and Flame Temperatures 20
A. Introduction 20
B. Heats of Reaction and Formation 20
C. Free Energy and the Equilibrium Constants 27
D. Flame Temperature Calculations 34
Problems 49
References 52
Chapter 2. Chemical Kinetics 54
A. Introduction 54
B. Rates of Reactions and Their Temperature Dependence 54
C. Simultaneous Interdependent Reactions 63
D. Chain Reactions 64
E. Pseudo–First-Order Reactions and the "Fall-Off" Range 67
F. The Partial Equilibrium Assumption 70
G. Pressure Effect in Fractional Conversion 71
Problems 72
References 73
Chapter 3. Explosive and General Oxidative Characteristics of Fuels 76
A. Introduction 76
B. Chain Branching Reactions and Criteria for Explosion 76
C. Explosion Limits and Oxidation Characteristics of Hydrogen 84
D. Explosion Limits and Oxidation Characteristics of Carbon Monoxide 91
E. Explosion Limits and Oxidation Characteristics of Hydrocarbons 95
F. The Oxidation of Aldehydes 107
G. The Oxidation of Methane 109
H. The Oxidation of Higher-Order Hydrocarbons 113
Problems 135
References 135
Chapter 4. Flame Phenomena in Premixed Combustible Gases 138
A. Introduction 138
B. Laminar Flame Structure 142
C. The Laminar Flame Speed 144
D. Stability Limits of Laminar Flames 181
E. Turbulent Reacting Flows and Turbulent Flames 200
F. Stirred Reactor Theory 219
G. Flame Stabilization in High-Velocity Streams 224
Problems 234
References 237
Chapter 5. Detonation 240
A. Introduction 240
B. Detonation Phenomena 243
C. Hugoniot Relations and the Hydrodynamic Theory of Detonations 245
D. Comparison of Detonation Velocity Calculations with Experimental Results 262
E. The ZND Structure of Detonation Waves 268
F. The Structure of the Cellular Detonation Front and Other Detonation Phenomena Parameters 271
G. Detonations in Nongaseous Media 282
Problems 283
References 284
Chapter 6. Diffusion Flames 286
A. Introduction 286
B. Gaseous Fuel Jets 287
C. Burning of Condensed Phases 304
D. Burning of Droplet Clouds 331
E. Burning in Convective Atmospheres 332
Problems 340
References 342
Chapter 7. Ignition 344
A. Concepts 344
B. Chain Spontaneous Ignition 347
C. Thermal Spontaneous Ignition 349
D. Forced Ignition 360
Problems 367
References 367
Chapter 8. Environmental Combustion Considerations 370
A. Introduction 370
B. The Nature of Photochemical Smog 371
C. Formation and Reduction of Nitrogen Oxides 378
D. SOx Emissions 402
E. Particulate Formation 417
F. Stratospheric Ozone 443
Problems 449
References 449
Chapter 9. Combustion of Nonvolatile Fuels 454
A. Carbon Char, Soot, and Metal Combustion 454
B. Metal Combustion Thermodynamics 455
C. Diffusional Kinetics 476
D. Diffusion-Controlled Burning Rate 478
E. The Burning of Porous Chars 494
F. The Burning Rate of Ash-Forming Coal 497
Problems 499
References 499
Appendixes 502
A. Thermochemical Data and Conversion Factors 506
B. Specific Reaction Rate Constants 566
C. Bond Dissociation Energies of Hydrocarbons 586
D. Laminar Flame Speeds 594
E. Flammability Limits in Air 600
F. Spontaneous Ignition Temperature Data 608
G. Minimum Spark Ignition Energies and Quenching Distances 624
H. Programs for Combustion Kinetics 628
Author Index 638
Subject Index 646