Hydrocarbon Exploration and Production (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Hydrocarbon Exploration and Production 4
Copyright Page 5
Contents 6
Principal Authors 10
Introduction: About this Book 12
Chapter 1. The Field Life Cycle 14
1.1. Gaining Access Phase 14
1.2. Exploration Phase 15
1.3. Appraisal Phase 16
1.4. Development Planning 17
1.5. Production Phase 18
1.6. Decommissioning 19
Chapter 2. Petroleum Agreements and Bidding 22
2.1. The Invitation to Bid 22
2.2. Motivations and Form of Bid 25
2.3. Block Award 26
2.4. Fiscal System 27
2.5. Farm-in and Farm-out 27
2.6. Unitisation and Equity Determination 29
Chapter 3. Exploration 32
3.1. Hydrocarbon Accumulations 32
3.2. Exploration Methods and Techniques 37
Chapter 4. Drilling Engineering 60
4.1. Well Planning 60
4.2. Rig Types and Rig Selection 61
4.3. Drilling Systems and Equipment 65
4.4. Site Preparation 73
4.5. Drilling Techniques 75
4.6. Casing and Cementing 85
4.7. Drilling Problems 89
4.8. Costs and Contracts 92
Chapter 5. Safety and the Environment 96
5.1. Safety Culture 96
5.2. Safety Management Systems 99
5.3. Environment 101
5.4. Current Environmental Concerns 104
Chapter 6. Reservoir Description 108
6.1. Reservoir Geology 108
6.2. Reservoir Fluids 121
6.3. Data Gathering 154
6.4. Data Interpretation 165
Chapter 7. Volumetric Estimation 186
7.1. Deterministic Methods 186
7.2. Expressing Uncertainty 190
Chapter 8. Field Appraisal 204
8.1. The Role of Appraisal in the Field Life Cycle 204
8.2. Identifying and Quantifying Sources of Uncertainty 205
8.3. Appraisal Tools 207
8.4. Expressing Reduction of Uncertainty 208
8.5. Cost-Benefit Calculations for Appraisal 209
8.6. Practical Aspects of Appraisal 212
Chapter 9. Reservoir Dynamic Behaviour 214
9.1. The Driving Force for Production 214
9.2. Reservoir Drive Mechanisms 216
9.3. Gas Reservoirs 223
9.4. Fluid Displacement in the Reservoir 230
9.5. Reservoir Simulation 235
9.6. Estimating the Recovery Factor 236
9.7. Estimating the Production Profile 237
9.8. Enhanced Oil Recovery 239
Chapter 10. Well Dynamic Behaviour 242
10.1. Estimating the Number of Development Wells 242
10.2. Fluid Flow Near the Wellbore 244
10.3. Horizontal Wells 247
10.4. Production Testing and Bottom Hole Pressure Testing 250
10.5. Tubing Performance 254
10.6. Well Completions 257
10.7. Completion Technology and Intelligent Wells 262
10.8. Artificial Lift 267
10.9. Subsea vs. Platform Trees 273
Chapter 11. Surface Facilities 278
11.1. Oil and Gas Processing 279
11.2. Facilities 304
Chapter 12. Production Operations and Maintenance 324
12.1. Operating and Maintenance Objectives 325
12.2. Production Operations Input to the FDP 325
12.3. Maintenance Engineering Input to the FDP 332
Chapter 13. Project and Contract Management 338
13.1. Phasing and Organisation 338
13.2. Planning and Control 342
13.3. Cost Estimation and Budgets 345
13.4. Reasons for Contracting 347
13.5. Types of Contract 348
Chapter 14. Petroleum Economics 350
14.1. Basic Principles of Development Economics 350
14.2. Constructing a Project Cashflow 352
14.3. Calculating a Discounted Cashflow 364
14.4. Economic Indicators 369
14.5. Project Screening and Ranking 370
14.6. Sensitivity Analysis 372
14.7. Incorporating Inflation 373
14.8. Exploration Economics 375
Chapter 15. Risk Analysis 378
15.1. Risk Definition and Unit of Measure 378
15.2. Summary of Risk Analysis Techniques in Exploration and Appraisal 379
15.3. Risk Analysis for Major Capital Investments in Projects 382
15.4. Managing Commercial Risk 396
Chapter 16. Managing the Producing Field 398
16.1. Managing the Subsurface 399
16.2. Managing the Surface Facilities 407
16.3. Managing the External Factors 412
Chapter 17. Managing Decline 418
17.1. Infill Drilling 418
17.2. Workover Activity 420
17.3. Enhanced Oil Recovery 423
17.4. Production De-Bottlenecking 425
17.5. Incremental Development 428
Chapter 18. Decommissioning 432
18.1. Legislation 432
18.2. Economic Lifetime 433
18.3. Decommissioning Funding 434
18.4. Decommissioning Methods 435
References and Bibliography 440
Terms and Abbreviations 442
Subject Index 446