Airworthiness: An Introduction to Aircraft Certification (eBook)

Cover 1
Contents 6
Preface 10
Developments since 2003 11
Acknowledgments 12
About the author 14
Abstract 16
1 Flight Safety 18
2 Airworthiness 20
3 The ICAO and the Civil Aviation Authorities 22
3.1 The ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization) 22
3.1.1 The International Standards 23
3.2 The Civil Aviation Authorities 26
3.2.1 Origins 26
3.2.2 Tasks of airworthiness authorities 27
3.3 The Joint Aviation Authorities (JAA) 27
3.3.1 Objectives 28
3.3.2 Functions 28
3.3.3 Organization of the JAA 29
3.3.4 Transition from the JAA to the EASA 29
3.3.5 The future of the JAA 30
3.3.6 General remarks 30
3.4 The European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) 31
3.4.1 Main tasks 31
3.4.2 EASA partnerships 32
3.4.3 Structure of the EASA 32
3.4.4 EASA certification 34
3.4.4.1 Design approval 34
3.4.4.2 Organization approval 35
3.4.4.3 General remarks 36
3.5 The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) 37
3.5.1 Origins 37
3.5.2 Early responsibility 37
3.5.3 The Civil Aeronautics Act 37
3.5.4 The birth of the FAA 37
3.5.5 From agency to administration 38
3.5.6 Structural changes 38
3.6 FAA activities 38
3.6.1 Safety regulations 38
3.6.2 Airspace and traffic management 38
3.6.3 Air navigation facilities 38
3.6.4 Civil aviation abroad 39
3.6.5 Commercial space transportation 39
3.6.6 Research, engineering, and development 39
3.6.7 Other programs 39
3.6.8 Summary of FAA activities 40
3.7 FAA certification 40
3.7.1 The Aircraft Certification Service 40
3.7.2 The Small Airplane Directorate 44
3.7.3 The Transport Airplane Directorate 45
3.7.3.1 Continued operational safety 45
3.7.3.2 Regulations and policy for all transport airplanes 45
3.7.3.3 Design, production, and airworthiness certification 46
3.7.4 The Rotorcraft Directorate 46
3.7.5 The Engine and Propeller Directorate 47
3.8 'One world, one goal: aviation safety' 47
Notes 48
4 Airworthiness Requirements 50
4.1 Requirements, regulations, and standards 50
4.2 JARs and FARs 50
4.3 List of JARs and FARs directly or indirectly related to airworthiness certification 51
4.3.1 JAR 1/FAR 1. Definitions and Abbreviations 51
4.3.2 JAR 11. JAA Regulatory and Related Procedures 51
4.3.3 FAR 11. General Rulemaking Procedure 51
4.3.4 JAR 21. Certification Procedures for Aircraft and Related Products and Parts 52
4.3.5 FAR 21. Certification Procedures for Products and Parts 52
4.3.6 JAR 22. Sailplanes and Powered Sailplanes 52
4.3.7 JAR-VLA. Very Light Aeroplanes 52
4.3.8 JAR 23. Normal, Utility, Aerobatic and Commuter Category Aeroplanes 52
4.3.9 FAR 23. Airworthiness Standards: Normal, Utility, Acrobatic and Commuter category airplanes 52
4.3.10 JAR 25. Large Aeroplanes 52
4.3.11 FAR 25. Airworthiness Standards: Transport category airplanes 52
4.3.12 JAR 26. Additional Airworthiness Requirements for Operations 52
4.3.13 JAR 27. Small Rotorcraft 53
4.3.14 FAR 27. Airworthiness Standards: Normal category rotorcraft 53
4.3.15 JAR 29. Large Rotorcraft 53
4.3.16 FAR 29. Airworthiness Standards: Transport category rotorcraft 53
4.3.17 FAR 31. Airworthiness Standards: Manned free balloons 53
4.3.18 JAR-E. Engines 53
4.3.19 FAR 33. Airworthiness Standards: Aircraft engines 53
4.3.20 JAR-APU. Auxiliary Power Units 54
4.3.21 FAR 34. Fuel Venting and Exhaust Emission Requirements for Turbine Engine Powered Airplanes 54
4.3.22 JAR-P. Propellers 54
4.3.23 FAR 35. Airworthiness Standards: Propellers 54
4.3.24 JAR 36. Aircraft Noise 54
4.3.25 FAR 36. Noise Standards: Aircraft type and airworthiness certification 54
4.3.26 FAR 39. Airworthiness Directives 55
4.3.27 FAR 43. Maintenance, Preventive Maintenance, Rebuilding, and Alterations 55
4.3.28 FAR 45. Identification and Registration Marking 55
4.3.29 JAR-TSO. Joint Technical Standard Orders 55
4.3.30 JAR-OPS 1. Commercial Air Transportation (Aeroplanes) 56
4.3.31 JAR-OPS 3. Commercial Air Transportation (Helicopters) 56
4.3.32 JAR-MMEL/MEL. Master Minimum Equipment List/Minimum Equipment List 56
4.3.33 FAR 91. General Operating and Flight Rules 56
4.3.34 FAR 101. Moored Balloons, Kites, Unmanned Rockets, and Free Balloons 56
4.3.35 FAR 103. Ultralight Vehicles 56
4.3.36 FAR 119. Certification: Air Carriers and Commercial Operators 56
4.3.37 FAR 121. Operating Requirements: Domestic, flag, and supplemental operations 57
4.3.38 FAR 125. Certification and Operations: Airplanes having a seating capacity of 20 or more passengers or a maximum payload capacity of 6000 pounds or more and rules governing persons on board such aircraft
4.3.39 FAR 129. Operations: Foreign air carriers and foreign operators of US-registered aircraft engaged in common carriage 57
4.3.40 FAR 133. Rotorcraft External-Load Operations 57
4.3.41 FAR 135. Operating Requirements: Commuter and on-demand operations and rules governing persons on board such aircraft 58
4.3.42 FAR 137. Agricultural Aircraft Operations 58
4.3.43 FAR 145. Repair Stations 58
4.3.44 FAR 147. Aviation Maintenance Technician Schools 58
4.3.45 JAR-AWO. All Weather Operations 58
4.3.46 JAR/CS-VLR. Very Light Rotorcraft 58
4.3.47 References for certification of parts of aircraft 59
4.3.48 General remarks 59
4.4 Advisory material 60
4.5 EASA regulations 60
4.5.1 The Basic Regulations 60
4.5.2 Implementing Rules (IR) 61
4.5.3 Acceptable Means of Compliance (AMC) and Guidance Material (GM) for Part 21, Part M, Part 145, Part 66, and Part 147 62
4.5.4 Airworthiness Codes 63
4.6 General considerations on airworthiness standards 63
4.6.1 Publication 63
4.6.2 Special conditions 64
4.6.3 Severity of the airworthiness standards 64
4.6.4 Stalling speed for single-engine aeroplanes 65
4.6.5 Crashworthiness 66
4.6.6 Fire protection 67
4.6.6.1 Acceptable test procedure for self-extinguishing materials for showing compliance with paragraphs 23.853, 23.855, and 23.1359 68
4.6.7 Safety assessment 69
4.6.7.1 Failure conditions 71
4.6.8 Fatigue strength 73
4.7 JAR/FAR 21 76
4.8 EASA Part 21 77
4.8.1 Type certificates 77
4.8.2 Airworthiness certificates 77
4.8.3 Environmental protection 78
4.9 Structure of aircraft airworthiness standards 78
4.10 Aircraft airworthiness standard applicability 79
4.10.1 JAR/CS-22. Sailplanes and Powered Sailplanes 79
4.10.2 JAR/CS-VLA. Very Light Aeroplanes 80
4.10.3 JAR/FAR/CS-23. Normal, Utility, Aerobatic, and Commuter Category Aeroplanes 80
4.10.4 JAR/CS-25. Large Aeroplanes/FAR 25. Transport Category Airplanes 81
4.10.5 JAR/CS-27. Small Rotorcraft/FAR 27. Normal Category Rotorcraft 82
4.10.6 JAR/CS-29. Large Rotorcraft/FAR 29. Transport Category Rotorcraft 82
4.10.7 FAR 31. Manned Free Balloons 82
4.10.8 JAR/CS-VLR. Very Light Rotorcraft 83
4.11 Airworthiness standards for unmanned aircraft 83
4.11.1 Airworthiness standards 85
4.11.2 The state of the art 87
Notes 88
5 Type Certification 91
5.1 Type certification of aircraft, engines, and propellers 91
5.1.1 The type certificate 91
5.1.2 The type design 91
5.1.3 Environmental protection 92
5.1.4 Design organization 93
5.1.5 Design Organization Approval (DOA) – JAA and EASA 94
5.1.6 Changes in type design 97
5.1.7 Designation of the type certification basis: the derivative prototype 100
5.1.8 Advisory material 101
5.1.9 The Supplemental type certificate (STC) 102
5.2 Parts and appliances approval 104
5.3 The master minimum equipment list/minimum equipment list 109
5.3.1 The master minimum equipment list (MMEL) 109
5.3.2 The minimum equipment list (MEL) 109
5.4 Type certification of imported products 110
5.4.1 Certification basis 112
5.5 Transfer of a type certificate 113
5.6 Instructions for Continued Airworthiness 115
5.6.1 Provision of Instructions for Continued Airworthiness 115
5.7 Repairs 117
5.7.1 Introduction 117
5.7.2 Subpart M of JAR 21/EASA Part 21 117
5.7.2.1 Classification of repairs 117
5.7.2.2 Demonstration of capability 118
5.7.2.3 Repair design 118
5.7.2.4 Issue of a repair design approval 118
5.7.2.5 Repair embodiment 118
5.7.2.6 Instructions for Continued Airworthiness 118
5.7.2.7 General remarks 119
5.7.3 FAA repairs 119
5.7.3.1 Major repairs 120
Notes 122
6 The Type Certification Process 125
6.1 JAA joint certifications and national certifications 125
6.1.1 JAA multinational procedure 125
6.1.2 JAA local procedure 126
6.2 The main phases and items of the JAA/EASA type certification process 126
6.2.1 Application 127
6.2.2 Allocation of technical investigation tasks 127
6.2.3 Familiarization with the design 127
6.2.4 Certification team members’ selection 128
6.2.5 Phases of type certification 128
6.2.5.1 Phase I – Technical familiarization and establishment of the type certification basis 129
6.2.5.2 Phase II – Agreement of the certification program 129
6.2.5.3 Phase III – Demonstration of compliance 130
6.2.5.4 Phase IV – Final report and issue of a type certificate 131
6.2.6 The authority’s involvement 132
6.2.7 Post-TC activities 133
6.3 The FAA type certification process 133
6.3.1 Introduction 133
6.3.2 Designated Engineering Representatives (DERs) 134
6.3.2.1 Company DERs 134
6.3.2.2 Consultant DER 135
6.3.2.3 The DER’s designation 135
6.3.2.4 Administrative/Management DERs 135
6.3.3 Guidance material for the type certification process 136
6.4 The CPI Guide 136
6.4.1 Partnership for Safety Plan (PSP) 136
6.4.2 Project Specific Certification Plan (PSCP) 136
6.4.3 Phases of type certification 137
6.4.3.1 Phase I – Conceptual design 137
6.4.3.2 Phase II – Requirement definition 138
6.4.3.3 Phase III – Compliance planning 138
6.4.3.4 Phase IV – Implementation 138
6.4.3.5 Phase V – Post-certification 138
6.4.4 The ‘key players’ of the type certification process 139
6.5 FAA Order 8110.4, 'Type Certification' 141
6.5.1 Application for TC, amended TC, STC, and PC 141
6.5.2 Establishment of TC project 141
6.5.3 ‘Type Certification’ Board (TCB) 143
6.5.4 Certification Program Plan (CPP) 144
6.5.5 Issue paper 144
6.5.6 Issue book 144
6.5.7 Type certification basis 144
6.5.8 Type certification program 145
6.5.9 Type inspection authorization (TIA) 145
6.5.10 Operational and airworthiness evaluations 145
6.5.11 Flight manual 146
6.5.12 Type certificates 146
6.5.13 The type certificate data sheet (TCDS) 146
6.6 Construction of prototypes and test articles 146
Notes 148
7 Production of Products, Parts, and Appliances 150
7.1 The JAA/EASA production organization 150
7.1.1 Production Organization Approval (POA) 151
7.1.2 The EASA production organization procedure (internal working document) 152
7.1.3 Production without Production Organization Approval 153
7.1.4 The organization 153
7.2 Production under FAR 21 154
7.2.1 The production certificate 154
7.2.1.1 Applicability 154
7.2.1.2 Privileges 154
7.2.1.3 Quality Control System 155
7.2.1.4 Processing an application for a PC 155
7.2.1.5 Periodic FAA production flight tests 155
7.2.1.6 PC holder’s responsibility 155
7.2.2 Production under type certificate only 156
7.2.2.1 Applicability 156
7.2.2.2 Privileges 156
7.2.2.3 Production Inspection System: Material Review Board 157
7.2.2.4 TC holder’s responsibility 157
Notes 157
8 Certificates of Airworthiness 158
8.1 Introduction 158
8.2 General classification 159
8.2.1 JAR 21 certificates of airworthiness 159
8.2.2 EASA Part 21 certificates of airworthiness 159
8.2.3 FAR 21 airworthiness certificates 159
8.3 JAR 21 certificates of airworthiness 159
8.3.1 Standard certificates of airworthiness 159
8.3.1.1 Issue of a certificate 160
8.3.2 Export Airworthiness Approval 160
8.3.2.1 Types of approval 160
8.3.2.2 Application for an Export certificate of airworthiness 160
8.3.2.3 Issue of Export certificate of airworthiness 161
8.3.2.4 Export approval exceptions 161
8.4 EASA Part 21 certificates of airworthiness 161
8.4.1 Certificates of airworthiness issued to aircraft in accordance with Part 21 161
8.4.1.1 Applicability 161
8.4.1.2 Application 161
8.4.1.3 Issue of certificate of airworthiness 162
8.4.2 Restricted certificates of airworthiness 162
8.4.2.1 Definition of a Restricted type certificate 162
8.4.2.2 Application 163
8.4.2.3 Issue of Restricted certificate of airworthiness 163
8.4.3 Permits to fly 163
8.4.3.1 Application 163
8.4.3.2 Issue of permits to fly 163
8.4.4 General remarks on EASA certificates of airworthiness 164
8.5 FAR 21 airworthiness certificates 164
8.5.1 Standard airworthiness certificates 164
8.5.1.1 Applicability 164
8.5.1.2 Issue of Standard airworthiness certificates 164
8.5.2 Special airworthiness certificates 165
8.5.2.1 Special airworthiness certificate for Primary category aircraft 166
1. Definition of Primary category aircraft 166
2. Issue of an airworthiness certificate 166
3. General remarks 166
8.5.2.2 Special airworthiness certificates for Restricted category aircraft 166
1. Definition of Restricted category aircraft 166
2. Issue of an airworthiness certificate 167
3. General remarks 167
8.5.2.3 Special airworthiness certificate for Limited category aircraft 168
1. Definition of Limited category aircraft 168
2. Issue of an airworthiness certificate 168
8.5.2.4 Special airworthiness certificate for a Light-Sport category aircraft 168
1. Definition 168
2. Issue of an airworthiness certificate 169
3. General remarks 169
8.5.2.5 Experimental certificates of airworthiness 172
1. Definition 172
(a) Research and development 172
(b) Showing compliance with regulations 172
(c) Crew training 173
(d) Exhibition 173
(e) Air racing 173
(f) Market surveys 173
(g) Operating amateur-built aircraft 174
(h) Operating primary kit-built aircraft 175
(i) Operating Light-Sport aircraft 175
8.5.3 Special flight permits 175
8.5.3.1 Definition 175
8.5.3.2 Issue of special flight permits 176
8.5.4 Provisional airworthiness certificates 176
8.5.4.1 Definition 176
8.5.4.2 Eligibility 176
8.5.4.3 Requirements for issue and amendment of Class II Provisional airworthiness certificates 177
8.5.5 Export Airworthiness Approvals 177
8.5.5.1 Types of approval 177
8.5.5.2 Definitions 177
8.5.5.3 Eligibility 178
8.5.5.4 Issue of Export certificates of airworthiness for Class I products 178
8.5.5.5 Issue of airworthiness approval tags for Class II products 179
8.5.5.6 Issue of Export Airworthiness Approval tags for Class III products 179
8.5.5.7 General remarks on Export Airworthiness Approvals 179
8.6 Additional airworthiness requirements for operation 180
8.6.1 Introduction 180
8.6.2 Operational standards 182
8.6.2.1 Definitions 182
8.7 FAA operational standards (additional airworthiness requirements) 185
8.7.1 FAR 91. General Operating and Flight Rules 185
Subpart A: General 185
91.1 Applicability 185
Subpart C: Equipment, Instrument, and Certificate Requirements 185
91.203 Civil aircraft: certifications required 185
91.205 Powered civil aircraft with Standard category US airworthiness certificates: instrument and equipment requirements 186
91.211 Supplemental oxygen 186
91.213 Inoperative instruments and equipment 187
Subpart D: Special Flight Operations 188
91.309 Towing: gliders and unpowered ultralight vehicles 188
Subpart G: Additional Equipment and Operating Requirements for Large and Transport Category Aircraft 188
91.601 Applicability 188
91.603 Aural speed warning device 188
91.609 Flight recorders and cockpit voice recorders 188
Subpart H: Foreign Aircraft Operations and Operations of U.S.-Registered Civil Aircraft Outside of the United States and Rules Governing Persons on Board Such Aircraft
91.701 Applicability 188
91.711 Special rules for foreign civil aircraft 189
Subpart I: Operating Noise Limits 189
91.801 Applicability: in relation to FAR 36 189
91.815 Agricultural and fire-fighting airplanes: noise operating limitations 189
91.817 Civil aircraft sonic boom 189
8.7.2 FAR 121. Operating Requirements: Domestic, flag, and supplemental operations 190
Subpart A: General 190
121.1 Applicability 190
Subpart G: Manual Requirements 190
121.131 Applicability 190
121.141 Airplane flight manual 190
121.159 Single-engine airplanes prohibited 190
Subpart I: Airplane Performance Operating Limitations 190
121.171 Applicability 190
121.173 General 190
Subpart J: Special Airworthiness Requirements 191
121.211 Applicability 191
Subpart K: Instrument and Equipment Requirements 192
121.301 Applicability 192
8.7.3 FAR 125. Certification and Operations: Airplanes having a seating capacity of 20 or more passengers or a maximum payload capacity of 6000 lb or more and rules governing persons on board such aircraft
Subpart A: General 193
125.1 Applicability 193
Subpart E: Special Airworthiness Requirements 194
125.111 General 194
125.113 Cabin interiors 194
125.117 Ventilation 194
125.119 Fire precautions 194
125.121 Proof of compliance with paragraph 125.119 195
125.121 Propeller deicing fluid 195
Subpart F: Instrument and Equipment Requirements 196
125.201 Inoperable instruments and equipment 196
8.7.4 FAR 129. Operations: Foreign air carriers and foreign operators of US-registered aircraft engaged in common carriage 197
129.1 Applicability and definitions 197
129.13 Airworthiness and registration certificates 197
129.17 Radio equipment 197
129.18 Collision avoidance system 198
129.19 Digital flight data recorders 198
8.7.5 FAR 135. Operating Requirements: Commuter and on-demand operations and rules governing persons on board such aircraft 198
Subpart A: General 198
135.1 Applicability 198
135.25 Aircraft requirements 198
8.7.6 FAR 137. Agricultural Aircraft Operations 199
Subpart A: General 199
137.1 Applicability 199
Subpart B: Certification Rules 199
137.11 Certificate required 199
Subpart C: Operating Rules 199
137.31 Aircraft requirements 199
8.8 JAA/EASA operational standards (additional airworthiness requirements) 199
8.8.1 JAR-OPS 1. Commercial Air Transportation (Aeroplanes) 199
Subpart A: Applicability 199
JAR-OPS 1.001 Applicability 199
Subpart B: General 200
JAR-OPS 1.030 Minimum equipment lists – Operator’s responsibilities 200
JAR-OPS 1.060 Ditching 200
Subpart F: Performance General 200
JAR-OPS 1.470 Applicability 200
Subpart G: Performance Class A 201
JAR-OPS 1.485 General 201
Subpart H: Performance Class B 201
JAR-OPS 1.525 General 201
Subpart I: Performance Class C 202
JAR-OPS 1.560 General 202
Subpart K: Instruments and Equipment 202
JAR-OPS 1.630 General introduction 202
JAR-OPS 1.635 Circuit protection devices 203
JAR-OPS 1.640 Aeroplane operating lights 203
JAR-OPS 1.645 Windshield wipers 203
JAR-OPS 1.650 Day VFR operations: Flight and navigational instruments and associated equipment 203
JAR-OPS 1.652 IFR or night operations: Flight and navigational instruments and associated equipment 204
JAR-OPS 1.655 Additional equipment for single pilot operation under IFR 204
JAR-OPS 1.660 Altitude alerting system 204
Subpart L: Communication and Navigation Equipment 205
8.8.2 JAR-OPS 3. Commercial Air Transportation (Helicopters) 206
Subpart A: Applicability 206
JAR-OPS 3.001 Applicability 206
8.8.3 CS-AWO Certification Specification for All Weather Operations 207
8.8.3.1 Book 1: Airworthiness Code 207
8.8.3.2 Book 2: Acceptable Means of Compliance 207
Notes 209
9 Flight Operation – Continued Airworthiness 211
9.1 Continued airworthiness 211
9.1.1 Maintenance 211
9.1.2 EASA continued airworthiness/maintenance 212
9.1.2.1 Annex I, Part M 214
1. Section A – Technical Requirements 214
Subpart A: General 214
M.A.101 Scope 214
Subpart B: Accountability 214
M.A.201 Responsibilities 214
Subpart C: Continuing Airworthiness 214
M.A.302 Maintenance program 214
M.A.303 Airworthiness Directives 215
Subpart F: Maintenance Organization 215
M.A.601 Scope 215
Subpart G: Continuing Airworthiness Management Organization 215
M.A.701 Scope 215
M.A.712 Quality system 215
Subpart H: Certificate of Release to Service (CRS) 215
M.A.801 Aircraft certificate of release to service 215
M.A.803 Pilot-owner authorization 216
2. Section B – Procedure for Competent Authorities 216
Subpart A: General 216
M.B.101 Scope 216
M.B.102 Competent authority 216
Subpart F: Maintenance Organization 216
M.B.603 Issue of approval 216
Subpart G: Continuing Airworthiness Management Organization 216
M.B.703 Issue of approval 216
9.1.2.2 Annex II, Part 145 216
1. Section A 216
145.A.10 Scope 216
145.A.20 Terms of approval 217
145.A.25 Facility requirements 217
145.A.30 Personnel requirements 217
145.A.40 Equipment, tools, and material 217
145.A.45 Maintenance data 217
145.A.50 Certification of maintenance 217
145.A.70 Maintenance organization exposition 217
145.A.75 Privileges of the organization 218
145.A.80 Limitations on the organization 218
2. General remarks 218
3. Section B: Procedure for Competent Authorities 218
145.B.01 Scope 218
145.B.25 Issue of approval 219
9.1.2.3 Annex III, Part 66 219
1. Section A 219
Subpart A: Aircraft Maintenance License Aeroplanes and Helicopters 219
66.A.1 Scope 219
66.A.20 Privileges 219
66.A.30 Experience requirements 220
2.Section B – Procedure for Competent Authorities 220
Subpart A: General 220
66.B.05 Scope 220
Subpart B: Issue of an Aircraft Maintenance License 220
9.1.2.4 Annex IV, Part 147 220
1. Section A 220
Subpart A: General 220
147.A.05 Scope 220
147.A.10 General 221
Subpart B: Organization Requirements 221
147.A.100 Facility requirements 221
147.A.105 Personnel requirements 221
147.A.115 Instructional equipment 221
147.A.140 Maintenance training organization exposition 221
147.A.145 Privileges of the maintenance training organization 221
2. Section B – Procedure for Competent Authorities 222
Subpart A: General 222
147.B.05 Scope 222
Subpart B: Issue of an Approval 222
147.B.100 General 222
9.1.3 EASA JAR-OPS 1 and JAR-OPS 3 requirements for maintenance 222
9.1.3.1 JAR-OPS 1 Subpart M: Aeroplane Maintenance 222
JAR-OPS 1.905 Operator’s maintenance management exposition 223
9.1.4 EASA certification of operators 223
Subpart C: Operator Certificate and Supervision 224
9.1.5 FAA continued airworthiness/maintenance 224
9.1.5.1 FAR 43. Maintenance, Preventive Maintenance, Rebuilding, and Alteration 225
43.1 Applicability 225
9.1.5.2 FAR 145. Repair Stations 227
Subpart A: General 227
145.1 Applicability 227
Subpart B: Certification 227
145.53 Issue of certificate 227
Subpart E: Operating Rules 227
145.201 Privileges and limitations of certificate 227
9.1.5.3 FAR 65. Certification: Airmen Other Than Crew Members 228
Subpart A: General 228
65.1 Applicability 228
Subpart D: Mechanics 228
65.95 Inspection authorization: Privileges and limitations 228
9.1.5.4 FAR 147. Aviation Maintenance Technician Schools 228
Subpart A: General 228
147.1 Applicability 228
Subpart B: Certification Requirements 228
147.11 Ratings 228
9.1.6 FAA operational standards (requirements for maintenance) 228
9.1.6.1 FAR 91 229
Subpart E: Maintenance, Preventive Maintenance, and Alterations 229
91.401 Applicability 229
91.403 General 229
91.405 Maintenance required 229
91.407 Operation after maintenance, preventive maintenance, rebuilding, or alteration 229
91.409 Inspections 230
91.410 Special maintenance program requirements 230
91.411 Altimeter system and altitude reporting equipment tests and inspections 230
91.413 ATC transponder tests and inspections 231
9.1.6.2 FAR 121 231
Subpart L: Maintenance, Preventive Maintenance, and Alterations 231
121.361 Applicability 231
121.367 Maintenance, preventive maintenance, and alterations programs 231
121.368 Aging airplane inspections and records reviews 231
121.370 Special maintenance program requirements 231
9.1.6.3 FAR 125 231
Subpart G: Maintenance 231
125.241 Applicability 231
125.247 Inspection programs and maintenance 232
125.248 Special maintenance program requirements 232
9.1.6.4 FAR 129 232
129.14 Maintenance program and minimum equipment list requirements for US-registered aircraft 232
129.32 Special maintenance program requirements 232
9.1.6.5 FAR 135 232
Subpart J: Maintenance, Preventive Maintenance, and Alterations 232
135.411 Applicability 232
135.419 Approved aircraft inspection program 233
135.421 Additional maintenance requirements 233
135.422 Aging airplane inspections and records reviews for multi-engine airplanes certificated with nine or fewer passenger seats 233
135.425 Maintenance, preventive maintenance, and alteration programs 233
9.1.7 FAA certification of operators 234
9.1.7.1 FAR 119. Certification: Air carriers and commercial operators 234
Subpart A: General 234
119.1 Applicability 234
119.5 Certifications, authorizations, and prohibitions 235
Subpart B: Applicability of Operating Requirements to Different Kinds of Operations Under FAR 121, 125, and 135 235
Subpart C: Certification, Operations Specifications, and Certain Other Requirements for Operations Conducted Under FAR 121 or FAR 135 236
9.2 Airworthiness Directives 236
9.2.1 EASA Airworthiness Directives 236
9.2.2 FAA Airworthiness Directives 237
9.3 Older aircraft 238
9.3.1 Older small transport and commuter airplanes 240
9.3.2 JAA guidance material 240
9.4 Extended range operation for two-engine airplanes (ETOPS) 241
9.4.1 FAA ETOPS 241
121.161 Airplane limitations: Type of route 242
5. Discussion 242
6. Background 242
7. Concepts 242
(a) Airframe system 243
(b) Propulsion system 243
(c) Maintenance reliability program definition 243
(d) Maintenance and reliability program implementation 243
(e) Human factors 244
(f) Approval basis 244
8. Type design approval consideration 244
(b) Criteria 244
(c) Analysis of failure effects and reliability 244
(d) Assessment of failure conditions 245
(e) FAA Airplane Assessment Report 245
(f) ETOPS type design approval 245
(g) Type design change process 245
(h) Continued airworthiness 245
9. In-service experience 246
9.4.2 JAR-OPS ETOPS 246
JAR-OPS 1.246 Extended range operations with two-engined aeroplanes (ETOPS) 247
JAR-OPS 1.245 Maximum distance from an adequate aerodrome for two-engine aeroplanes without ETOPS approval 247
JAR-OPS 1.297 Planning minima for IFR flights 247
9.5 Safety assessment of foreign aircraft 248
9.5.1 Safety Assessment of Foreign Aircraft (SAFA) 248
9.5.1.1 International requirements 248
9.5.1.2 Aircraft and operators checked 249
9.5.1.3 Results 250
9.5.1.4 Further information 250
9.5.2 International Aviation Safety Assessment (IASA) 250
9.5.2.1 IASA program overview 251
9.5.2.2 IASA process overview 251
9.5.3 General remarks 253
Notes 254
Bibliography 256
Internet resources 256
Index 258
A 258
B 258
C 258
D 259
E 259
F 260
G 261
I 261
J 261
K 261
L 261
M 262
N 262
O 262
P 262
Q 262
R 262
S 263
T 263
U 264
V 264