Properties of Polymers (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Properties of Polymers Their Correlation with Chemical Structure Their Numerical Estimation and Prediction from Additive Group Contributions
Copyright Page 5
Dedication Page 6
From the Preface to the First Edition (1972) 8
From the Preface to the Second Edition (1976) 10
Preface to the Third Edition (1990) 12
Introduction of the Present Author 14
Preface to the Fourth Edition 16
Acknowledgements 20
Contents 22
Part I: General Introduction: A Bird’s-Eye View of Polymer Science and Engineering 28
Chapter 1: Polymer Properties 30
1.1. Approach and Objective 30
Bibliography 32
Chapter 2: Typology of Polymers 34
2.1. Introduction 34
2.2. Polymer Structure 35
2.3. Molar Mass and Molar Mass Distribution 44
2.4. Phase Transitions in Polymers 52
2.5. Morphology of Solid Polymers 56
2.6. Polymeric Liquid Crystals 61
2.7. Multiple Component Polymer Systems 63
2.8. Relaxation Phenomena 65
Appendix I 67
Appendix II 71
Bibliography 72
Chapter 3: Typology of Properties 76
3.1. The Concept "Polymer Properties" 76
3.2. Physical Quantities and Their Units 79
3.3. Categories of Physical Quantities 81
3.4. Dimensionless Groups of Quantities 82
3.5. Types of Molar Properties 84
3.6. Additive Molar Functions 87
Bibliography 93
Part II: Thermophysical Properties of Polymers 96
Chapter 4: Volumetric Properties 98
4.1. Introduction: Mass and Packing of Matter 98
4.2. Fundamental Quantities of Mass and Volume 99
4.3. Standard Molar Volumes at Room Temperature (298K) 103
4.4. Thermal Expansion 116
4.5. Isothermal Compression: Equations of State 128
Bibliography 134
Chapter 5: Calorimetric Properties 136
5.1. Heat Capacity 136
5.2. Latent Heat of Crystallization and Fusion (Melting) 145
5.3. Enthalpy and Entropy 150
Bibliography 154
Chapter 6: Transition Temperatures 156
6.1. Introduction 156
6.2. The Glass Transition Temperature 157
6.3. The Crystalline Melting Point 179
6.4. Relationship Between Glass Transition Temperature and Melting Point of Polymers 194
6.5. Relationship Between TG, TM and Other Transition Temperatures 197
6.6. Transitions in Thermotropic Liquid Crystal Polymers 199
Appendix I 209
Appendix II 210
Bibliography 214
Chapter 7: Cohesive Properties and Solubility 216
7.1. Introduction 216
7.2. Cohesive Energy 217
7.3. Solubility 228
7.4. Internal Pressure 249
Bibliography 252
Chapter 8: Interfacial Energy Properties 256
8.1. Introduction 256
8.2. Surface Energy of Liquids and Melts 257
8.3. Surface Energy of Solid Polymers 261
8.4. General Expression for the Interfacial Tension 266
8.5. Polymer Adhesion 269
Bibliography 271
Chapter 9: Limiting Viscosity Number (Intrinsic Viscosity) and Related Properties of Very Dilute Solutions 272
9.1. Introduction 272
9.2. Molecular Dimensions of the Conformational State 273
9.3. The Limiting Viscosity Number (Intrinsic Viscosity) 276
9.4. Interrelationships of "Limiting" Diffusive Transport Quantities 307
Bibliography 310
Part III: Properties of Polymers in Fields of Force 312
Chapter 10: Optical Properties 314
10.1. Optical Properties in General 314
10.2. Light Refraction 317
10.3. Reflection and Transmission 324
10.4. Birefringence (and Optical Rotation) 326
10.5. Light Scattering 335
10.6. Absorption 340
10.7. Optical Appearance Properties 340
Bibliography 344
Chapter 11: Electrical Properties 346
11.1. Introduction 346
11.2. Dielectric Polarisation 346
11.3. Static Electrification and Conductivity 360
11.4. Ultimate Electrical Properties 379
Bibliography 379
Chapter 12: Magnetic Properties 382
12.1. Magnetic Susceptibility (Magnetic Inductive Capacity) 382
12.2. Magnetic Resonance 386
Bibliography 407
Chapter 13: Mechanical Properties of Solid Polymers 410
13.1. Introduction 410
13.2. Elastic Parameters 410
13.3. Rubber Elasticity 428
13.4. Viscoelasticity 432
13.5. Ultimate Mechanical Properties 480
13.6. Mechanical Properties of Uniaxially Oriented Polymers (Fibres) 505
Bibliography 527
Chapter 14: Acoustic Properties 532
14.1. Introduction 532
14.2. Sound Propagation and Absorption 533
14.3. Additive Molar Functions for Sound Propagation 540
14.4. Sonic Absorption 544
Bibliography 548
Part IV: Transport Properties of Polymers 550
Chapter 15: Rheological Properties of Polymer Melts 552
15.1. Introduction 552
15.2. Modes of Deformation and Definition of Viscosity and Normal Stress Coefficients 553
15.3. Newtonian Shear Viscosity of Polymer Melts 560
15.4. Non-Newtonian Shear Viscosity and First Normal Stress Coefficient of Polymer Melts 572
15.5. Extensional Viscosity of Polymer Melts 591
15.6. Elastic Effects in Polymer Melts 600
15.7. Rheological Properties of Thermotropic Liquid Crystalline Polymers 608
Appendix I 618
Appendix II 619
Bibliography 622
Chapter 16: Rheological Properties of Polymer Solutions 626
16.1. Introduction 626
16.2. Dilute Polymer Solutions 627
16.3. Concentrated Polymer Solutions 631
16.4. Viscoelastic Properties of Polymer Solutions in Simple Shear Flow 646
16.5. Extensional Flow of Polymer Solutions 657
16.6. Solutions of Lyotropic Liquid Crystalline Polymers 661
Bibliography 670
Chapter 17: Transport of Thermal Energy 672
17.1. Thermal Conductivity 672
17.2. Appendix 678
Bibliography 679
Chapter 18: Properties Determining Mass Transfer In Polymeric Systems 682
18.1. Introduction 682
18.2. Permeation of Simple Gases 683
18.3. Permeations of a More Complex Nature 708
18.4. Dissolution of Polymers as a Case of Permeation 723
Bibliography 728
Chapter 19: Crystallisation and Recrystallisation 730
19.1. Crystallinity, Nucleation and Growth 730
19.2. Spherulitic Crystallisation of Polymers from the Melt 733
19.3. Induced Crystallisation of Flexible Polymeric Molecules by Pressure and Stress 753
19.4. Crystallisation Phenomena in Uniaxial Drawing: Fibre Spinning 755
Bibliography 770
Part V: Properties Determining the Chemical Stability and Breakdown 774
Chapter 20: Thermochemical Properties 776
20.1. Thermodynamics and Kinetics 776
20.2. Calculation of the Free Enthalpy of Reaction From Group Contributions 779
20.3. Thermodynamics of Free Radicals 785
Bibliography 788
Chapter 21: Thermal Decomposition 790
21.1. Introduction 790
21.2. Thermal Degradation 790
21.3. Char Formation 799
21.4. Kinetics of Thermal Degradation 803
Bibliography 803
Chapter 22: Chemical Degradation 806
22.1. Introduction 806
22.2. Degradation Under the Influence of Light 806
22.3. Oxidative Degradation 808
22.4. Photo-Oxidation 808
22.5. Thermal Oxidation 810
22.6. Effects of Oxidation Degradation 810
22.7. Stabilisation 811
22.8. Hydrolytic Degradation 812
22.9. Stress Relaxation as a Measure of Chemical Degradation 812
Bibliography 813
Part VI: Polymer Properties as an Integral Concept 814
Chapter 23: Intrinsic Properties in Retrospect 816
23.1. Introduction 816
23.2. Reference Values of Intrinsic Properties Expressed as a Function of Additive Ouantities 817
23.3. Effect of Structural Groups on Properties 819
23.4. Dependence of Intrinsic Properties on Process Variables 819
23.5. Outlook 823
Chapter 24: Processing Properties 826
24.1. Classification of Processes 826
24.2. Some Important Processing Properties 827
24.3. Implementation of Processing Research 843
Bibliography 844
Chapter 25: Product Properties (I): Mechanical Behaviour and Failure 846
25.1. Introduction 846
25.2. Failure Mechanisms in Polymers 847
25.3. Deformation Properties 851
25.4. Toughness and Endurance 856
25.5. Hardness 863
25.6. Friction and Wear 867
25.7. The Mechanical Shortcomings of Homogeneous Materials and the Need for Composites 868
Bibliography 871
Chapter 26: Product Properties (II): Environmental Behaviour and Failure 874
26.1. Introduction 874
26.2. Thermal End use Properties 874
26.3. Flammability and Combustion of Polymers 877
26.4. Environmental Decay of Polymers 891
Bibliography 899
Chapter 27: An Illustrative Example of End use Properties: Article Properties of Textile Products 902
27.1. Introduction 902
27.2. Aesthetic Properties 902
27.3. Use or Performance Properties 904
27.4. Maintenance or Care Properties 909
27.5. Integral Evaluation of Fibre Polymers, Fibres and Yarns By the Criteria Mentioned (Profile Method) 911
Bibliography 912
Part VII: Comprehensive Tables 914
I International system of units (SI) 916
II Survey of conversion factors 918
III Values of some fundamental constants 930
IV Physical constants of the most important solvents 931
V Physical properties of the most important polymers 947
VI Published data of ldquohigh performancerdquo polymers 961
VII Code symbols for the most important polymers 965
VIII Trade names and generic names 968
IX Survey of group contributions in additive molar quantities 973
Indexation 982
Symbol Index 984
Author index 1006
Subject index 1016