Acid Rain Research: Do We Have Enough Answers? (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Acid Rain Research: Do We Have Enough Answers? 4
Copyright Page 5
CONTENTS 10
Foreword 6
Acknowledgements 7
Conclusions 8
PART 1: OPENING SESSION 16
Chapter 1. Opening Remarks 18
PART 2: ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITION 22
Session I: Trace Gases 22
Chapter 2. Long term measurements of SO2 dry deposition over vegetation and soil and comparisons with models 24
Chapter 3. The use of the gradient method to monitor trace gas fluxes over forest: flux-profile functions for ozone and heat 36
Chapter 4. Deposition of nitrogen oxides and ozone to Danish forest sites 46
Chapter 5. Monitoring dry deposition fluxes of SO2 and NO2: analysis of errors 56
Session II: Ammonia /Ammonium 68
Chapter 6. Ammonia and ammonium in the atmosphere: present knowledge and recommendations for further research 70
Chapter 7. Measurement and modelling of ammonia exchange over arable surfaces 86
Chapter 8. Preliminary Validation of ammonia emission data using a combination of monitoring and modelling 96
Chapter 9. Deposition network of the Federal Environmental Agency (UBA) - Results and trends 106
Chapter 10. The influence of ammonium nitrate equilibrium on the measurement of exchange fluxes of ammonia and nitric acid 118
Session III: Particle deposition 128
Chapter 11. Particle deposition to forests 130
Chapter 12. Deposition of aerosol to coniferous forest 142
Chapter 13. Microscopic processes governing the deposition of trace gases and particles to vegetation surfaces 154
Chapter 14. The atmospheric input of inorganic nitrogen and sulphur by dry deposition of aerosol particles to a spruce stand 164
Session IV: Generalization: total atmospheric deposition and soil loads: measurements and models 176
Chapter 15. On the determination of total deposition to remote areas 178
Chapter 16. Quantifying the scale dependence in estimates of wet and dry deposition and the implications for critical load exceedances 190
Chapter 17. Uncertainties associated with the inferential modelling of trace gas dry deposition: A comparison of four models with observations from four surface types 202
Chapter 18. EDACS: European deposition maps of acidifying components on a small scale 212
PART 3: EFFECTS OF ACID DEPOSITION ON FOREST ECOSYSTEMS IN THE NETHERLANDS 226
Session V: Effects of acid deposition on forest ecosystems in The Netherlands 226
Chapter 19. Assessment and evaluation of critical levels for O3 and NH3 228
Chapter 20. Experimental manipulations: forest ecosystem responses to changes in water, nutrients and atmospheric loads 238
Chapter 21. Effects of acid deposition on forest ecosystems in The Netherlands: analysis of the Speuld Douglas fir site 260
Chapter 22. Large scale impacts of acid deposition on forests and forest soils in The Netherlands 276
Chapter 23. Ecological effects of atmospheric deposition on non-forest ecosystems in Western Europe 294
Chapter 24. Evaluation integration
PART 4: FUTURE OF ACIDIFICATION RESEARCH 320
Session VI: Today's knowledge is it sufficient for tomorrow's decision making purposes
Chapter 25. Lessons learned in acidification research: Implications for future environmental research and assessments 322
Chapter 26. Exceedence, damage and area minimisation approaches to integrated acidic deposition modelling 336
Chapter 27. Reliability of environmental information obtained by modelling and monitoring 348
Session VII: Future research: combination with other environmental topics 356
Chapter 28. Future of acidification research 358
Chapter 29. Potential ecological risk due to acidification of heavy industrialized areas - the Upper Silesia case 368
Chapter 30. Acidification and metal mobilization: effects of land use changes on Cd mobility 382
Chapter 31. Acidification interacting with global changes: research to manage drifting systems 396
PART 5: POSTERS 400
Session VIII: Critical loads / Exceedances 400
Chapter 32. Critical loads of heavy metals for European forest soils 402
Chapter 33. Setting critical loads of acidity for dystrophic peat - a new approach 404
Chapter 34. A comparison of models for the assessment of critical loads on different scales of observation 408
Session IX: Wet deposition / Throughfall 410
Chapter 35. Deposition and leaching at forest stands in Sumava Mts. 412
Chapter 36. Precipitation input of inorganic chemicals in the S. Vitale pine stand of Ravenna (Italy) 414
Chapter 37. Trends of some components of wet deposition in East Germany after the unification 418
Chapter 38. Eight years studying bulk and wet deposition in Spanish Basque country 422
Chapter 39. Scavenging of gases during growth of ice crystals 426
Chapter 40. Contribution of root-derived sulphur to sulphate in throughfall in a Douglas fir forest 428
Chapter 41. Fate of nitrogen in Spruce and Pine ecosystems 432
Chapter 42. Acid deposition: data from the Swiss Alps 434
Chapter 43. Dry deposition to bulk samplers underneath a roof in a spruce (picea abies Karst.) forest 438
Chapter 44. Deposition on air pollutants to forest ecosystems along pollution and climatic gradients in Poland 440
Session X: Dry, dosition / Concentrations 442
Chapter 45. Immission and dry deposition of SO2 and ozone lee side of the conurbation of Leipzig in Eastern Europe 444
Chapter 46. Dry deposition of acidifying and alkaline particles to forests: model and experimental results compared 446
Chapter 47. The measurement of ammonia in the National Air Quality Monitoring Network (LML) (1) Instrumentation and network set-up 454
Chapter 48. The measurement of ammonia in the National Air Quality Monitoring Network LML) (2) Results and performance 458
Chapter 49. Fine resolution modelling of ammonia dry deposition in Great Britain 464
Chapter 50. Fog deposition measurements on Douglas Fir forest 468
Chapter 51. The contribution of canopy exchange to differences observed between atmospheric deposition and throughfall fluxes 470
Chapter 52. Dry deposition monitoring SO2, NH3 and NO2 over a coniferous forest 472
Chapter 53. Gas deposition of sulphur dioxide on the territory of the Czech Republic in 1991 474
Session XI: Miscellaneous 478
Chapter 54. Forest condition in Europe and North America: What have we leant over the past ten years? 480
Chapter 55. Stomatal regulation in field-grown Douglas-fir 488
Chapter 56. Carbon partitioning in Douglas-fir 490
Chapter 57. Decreasing concentration of air pollutants and the rate of dry and wet acidic deposition at three forestry monitoring stations in Hungary 492
Chapter 58. The characteristics of acid precipitation in Southern China 498
Chapter 59. The response of peat wetland methane emissions to temperature, water table and sulphate deposition 500
Annex 1: List of participants 504
Studies in Environmental Science 516