Evaporites, Petroleum and Mineral Resources (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Evaporites, Petroleum and Mineral Resources 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 10
AUTHOR LIST 6
PREFACE 8
CHAPTER 1. MARGINAL MARLNE HALITE: SABKHAS AND SALINAS 16
Introduction 16
Fundamental Controls on Marine Halite Precipitation 17
Halite Crystallography and Crystal Growth 21
Deposition and Early Diagenesis of Marginal Marine Halite 25
Marginal-Marine Halite Depositional Settings-Salinas: Modern and Ancient 49
Marginal-Marine Halite Depositional Settings - Sabkhas: Modern and Ancient 67
Conclusions 74
References 76
CHAPTER 2. SULFATE DOMINATED SEA-MARGINAL AND PLATFORM EVAPORATIVE SETTINGS: 84
Introduction 84
Sea-Marginal Sabkha Model: Arabian (Persian) Gulf Example 89
Other Sea-Marginal Sabkhas 108
Modern Sea-Marginal Salina Models 115
Holocene Salina Evaporites 125
Modern Salina Dolomite Model - Cooroong, South Australia 133
Brine Reflux Dolomitization 144
Ancient Platform Evaporites 147
Ancient Evaporite Basins - Depositional Models 148
Platform Evaporites - Depositional Setting 150
Sabkhas and Evaporitic Mudflats 153
Ancient Salterns 165
Comparisons of Sabkhas and Salinas 179
Diagenesis of Sulfate-Dominated Evaporites 182
Evaporite Diagenesis the Importance of Hydrology 184
Acknowledgments 193
References 195
CHAPTER 3. DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENTS OF NON-MARINE EVAPORITES 204
Introduction 204
Modern Non-Marine Evaporites 205
Depositional Subenvironments of Non-Marine Evaporites 217
Lacustrine Deposits 218
Fluvial Deposits 268
Other Deposits 275
Diagenesis 293
Distribution of Subenvironments 297
Recognition of Ancient Non-Marine Deposits 319
Economic Aspects 322
Acknowledgments 323
References 324
CHAPTER 4. PETROLEUM AND EVAPORITES 364
Introduction 364
Definition of Terms 365
Production of Organic Matter in Evaporite Environments 367
The Spatiotemporal Relationships of Petroleum and Evaporites 381
Evaporites as Source Rocks of Petroleum 383
Evaporite Oils 402
Paleoproductivity and Preservation of Organic Matter in the Evaporite Environment 408
Mobile Petroleum Systems 412
Vitrinite Reflectance Suppression 413
Evaporites and Reservoirs 414
Conclusions 417
References 421
CHAPTER 5. HALOKINESIS, CAP ROCK DEVELOPMENT, AND SALT DOME MINERAL RESOURCES 428
Introduction 428
Geological Setting of Major Salt Dome Provinces 430
The Mechanics of Diapirism 435
Cap Rock Formation 446
Salt Dome Mineral Resources 456
General Model for Diapiric Halokinesis. Cap Rock Development and Mineralization 480
Conclusions 482
Acknowledgments 484
References 485
CHAPTER 6. EVAPORITES, EVAPORITIC PROCESS AND MlNERAL RESOURCES 492
Introduction 492
Evaporites as Mineral Resources 493
Evaporites and the Origin of Ore-forming Solutions 520
Evaporite Alteration to Precipitate Valuable Commodities 526
Evaporite Solution to Create Ore-hosting Porosity 539
Evaporation as a Hydrologic Agent in Ore Formation 540
Conclusions 541
Acknowledgments 542
References 542
INDEX 550