Fish Physiology: The Physiology of Tropical Fishes (eBook)

front cover 1
table of contents 5
Contributors 9
Preface 12
1 Tropical Environment 14
Chapter 1 Introduction 14
Tropical Marine Environments 17
Tropical Freshwater Environments 27
World Fish Distribution 47
Global Climate Changes 49
Chapter 1 The Future 51
Chapter 1 Acknowledgments 51
Chapter 1 References 51
2 Diversity of Tropical Fishes 59
Chapter 2 Introduction 59
What is Diversity? 61
The Evolutionary Implications of Salt Tolerance in Freshwater Fishes 63
The Importance of Phylogenetic Information for Comparative Studies 68
Freshwater Tropical Fishes 69
Marine Tropical Fishes 82
Chapter 2 Conclusions 88
Chapter 2 Acknowledgments 90
Chapter 2 References 90
3 The Growth of Tropical Fishes 97
Chapter 3 Introduction 97
The Variation Between Habitats and Populations 107
Seasonality in Growth 108
Chapter 3 References 111
4 Biological Rhythms 113
Chapter 4 Introduction 113
Basic Concepts in Chronobiology 116
Activity Rhythms 122
Social Organization 133
Reproduction 140
Migration 145
Evolution of Circadian Rhythmicity and Cave Fishes 148
Chapter 4 Future Directions 157
Chapter 4 Acknowledgments 158
Chapter 4 References 158
5 Feeding Plasticity and Nutritional Physiology in Tropical Fishes 166
Food and Feeding 166
Morphology and Physiology of Digestive Tract 173
Nutrient Requirements 199
Environmental Conditions and Fish Foraging Impact on Ecosystem 217
Chapter 5 Acknowledgments 219
Chapter 5 References 220
6 The Cardiorespiratory System in Tropical Fishes: Structure, Function, and Control 236
Chapter 6 Introduction 236
Respiratory Strategies 237
Respiratory Organs 238
Ventilatory Mechanisms (Pumps) 243
Circulatory Patterns 246
Cardiac Pumps 249
Cardiorespiratory Control 250
Chapter 6 References 276
7 Oxygen Transfer 287
Chapter 7 Introduction 287
Gas Exchange Organs: Diversity in Structure and Function 290
Transport of Oxygen 294
Environmental Effects on Oxygen Transport 302
Contaminant Effects on Oxygen Transport 309
Chapter 7 Concluding Remarks 309
Chapter 7 Acknowledgments 310
Chapter 7 References 310
8 Nitrogen Excretion And Defense Against Ammonia Toxicity 317
Chapter 8 Introduction 317
Effects of Environmental pH or Temperature on Ammonia Toxicity 320
Mechanism of Ammonia Toxicity 321
Defense Against Ammonia Toxicity at the Branchial and Epithelial Surfaces 328
Defense Against Ammonia Toxicity at the Cellular and Sub-Cellular Levels 343
Accumulation of Nitrogenous End-Products for Osmoregulation 382
Chapter 8 Summary 387
Chapter 8 References 389
9 Ionoregulation in Tropical Fishes from Ion-Poor, Acidic Blackwaters 406
Chapter 9 Introduction 406
General Mechanisms of Ion Regulation in Freshwater Fishes 408
Effects of Ion-Poor, Acidic Waters on Model Teleosts 412
Effects of Ion-Poor, Acidic Waters on North American Acidophilic Teleosts 413
Adaptation to Ion-Poor, Acidic Waters in Rio Negro Teleosts 417
Adaptation to Ion-Poor, Acidic Waters in Rio Negro Elasmobranchs 433
The Role of Organic Matter in Adaptation of Fish to Ion-Poor, Acidic Waters 435
Ammonia Excretion in Ion-Poor, Acidic Waters in Rio Negro Teleosts 439
Chapter 9 Future Directions 444
Chapter 9 Acknowledgments 446
Chapter 9 References 446
10 Metabolic and Physiological Adjustments to Low Oxygen and High Temperature in Fishes of the Amazon 452
Chapter 10 Introduction 452
Environmental Challenges 454
Effects of Temperature on Fish Metabolism 456
Enzyme Levels Reflect the Natural History of Fish 459
Fuel Preferences in Tropical Versus Temperate Fishes 462
Relative Amount of Red Muscle in Fish and its Adaptive Role 467
Oxygen Deprivation and its Consequences in Amazon Fishes 473
The LDH Gene Family as a Study Model: Regulatory and Structural Changes and Their Evolutionary Adaptive Roles 485
What the Future Holds 497
Chapter 10 Acknowledgments 500
Chapter 10 References 500
11 Physiological Adaptations of Fishes to Tropical Intertidal Environments 510
Chapter 11 Introduction 511
Respiratory Adaptations 544
Physiological and Molecular Adaptations to Elevated Temperatures 552
Osmoregulation 556
Ammonia Tolerance 559
Sulfide Tolerance 561
Reproduction 564
Chapter 11 Future Studies 570
Chapter 11 Conclusions 571
Chapter 11 Acknowledgments 571
Chapter 11 References 571
12 Hypoxia Tolerance in Coral Reef Fishes 591
Chapter 12 Introduction 591
The Epaulette Shark: A Hypoxia-Tolerant Tropical Elasmobranch 592
Widespread Hypoxia Tolerance in Coral Reef Fishes 596
Chapter 12 Conclusions 602
Chapter 12 References 602
index 605
Other Volumes in the Fish Physiology Series 641