Carbonate Reservoir Characterization: A Geologic-Engineering Analysis, Part II (eBook)

Cover 1
CONTENTS 12
Preface 8
List of Contributors 10
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 18
Overview 18
Fluid flow relationships 19
Reservoirs in karsted carbonates 64
Reservoirs in chalks 66
Seismic identification of carbonates 67
References 68
CHAPTER 2. SEISMIC EXPRESSION OF CARBONATE RESERVOIR SYSTEMS 76
Introduction 76
Seismic and synthetic seismograms 76
Carbonate play types 89
Recognition of carbonate reservoirs 98
Seismic character of carbonate systems 103
Summary and conclusions 115
References. 115
CHAPTER 3. COREANALYSIS AND ITS APPLICATION IN RESERVOIR CHARACTERIZATION 122
Introduction 122
Reservoir characterization 123
Coring 124
Core handling 132
Core analysis 133
Special considerations for core analysis of carbonate reservoirs 161
Rock catalogs 163
Summary 165
Acknowledgments 166
References 166
CHAPTER 4. FORMATION EVALUATION 172
Introduction 172
Formation evaluation philosophy 172
Formation properties of interest 173
Formation evaluation tools 174
Formation evaluation situations 176
Petrophysical models 179
Determination of formation properties of interest 181
Lithology determination 184
Porosity determination 195
Pore fluid saturation determination 199
Pore fluid property determination 213
Permeability determination 218
Net formation thickness determination 227
Structural and stratigraphic determination 229
Propagation of error considerations 233
Summary 237
Acknowledgments 237
References 238
CHAPTER 5. PERFORMANCE AND CLASSIFICATION OF CARBONATE RESERVOIRS 248
Introduction 248
Technical overview 249
Reservoir classification schemes 251
Incremental recovery technology 312
Carbonate reservoir characterization 375
Laboratory and field characterization of carbonate reservoirs 452
Summary of reservoir characteristics and primary performance data, and references for selected carbonate reservoirs categorized on pore type and drive mechanism (Table) 535
References 549
CHAPTER 6. WELL TEST ANALYSIS IN CARBONATE RESERVOIRS 566
Introduction 566
Pressure transient behavior of reservoirs 569
Linear flow behavior 571
Radial cylindrical flow 574
Spherical flow behavior 574
Bilinear flow behavior 576
Flow diagnosis 580
Pressure drawdown analysis 601
Skin factor 603
Pressure transient analysis for gas wells 608
Agarwal's (1980) method to account for producing-time effects in the analysis of buildup test 628
Analysis of well interference tests 648
Determination of the pressure-dependent characteristics of a reservoir 655
Analysis of variable flow rate using superposition, convolution and deconvolution (desuperposition) 658
A general approach to well test analysis 670
Additional well test examples 676
Concluding remarks 690
Nomenclature 690
References 693
CHAPTER 7. NATURALLY-FRACTURED CARBONATE RESERVOIRS 700
Introduction 700
Fracturing vs. geological history 704
Physical properties of fractures and matrix 727
Fractured carbonate reservoir evaluation through well production data 744
Fractured limestone reservoir evaluation through transient flow well data 757
Evluation of matrix-fractures imbibition fluid exchange 767
Concluding remarks 786
References 786
CHAPTER 8. CHALK RESERVOIRS 790
General statement 790
Reservoirs in chalks 792
Epilogue 809
References 810
CHAPTER 9. HYDROCARBON RESERVOIRS IN KARSTED CARBONATE ROCKS 814
Introduction 814
Karsts and their relationship to unconformities 815
Classification of karst reservoirs 823
Hydrocarbons produced from karsted carbonate reservoirs 845
Geologic and petrophysical characteristics of karsted reservoirs 850
Subsurface recognition of karsted carbonates 864
Conclusions 873
References 873
Chapter 10. FACTORS AFFECTING OIL RECOVERY FROM CARBONATE RESERVOIRS AND PREDICTION OF RECOVERY 884
Introduction 884
Primary recovery 885
Waterflooding and residual oil 887
Displacement efficiency 889
Volumetric sweep efficiency 899
Reservoir models for simulation of production 903
Tertiary oil recovery in Canada 912
Conclusions 915
References 916
APPENDIX A. GLOSSARY OF SELECTED GEOLOGIC TERMS 922
APPENDIX B. PETROLEUM ENGINEERING GLOSSARY 938
Recommended references 954
APPENDIX C. FUNDAMENTALS OF SURFACE AND CAPILLARY FORCES 956
Introduction 956
Interfacial tension and contact angle 956
Effect of contact angle and interfacial tension on movement of oil 961
Water block 966
References 966
APPENDIX D. SAMPLE QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 968
General geology 968
Source rocks 968
Capillary pressure 969
Permeability and porosity 969
Production 971
Enhanced recovery 972
Logging 972
Acidizing 973
Fracturing 974
AUTHOR INDEX 976
SUBJECT INDEX 996