Applied Coal Petrology (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Applied Coal Petrology 4
Copyright Page 5
Contents 6
About the Editors 12
Contributing Authors 14
Acknowledgments 16
Preface 18
Chapter 1: Introduction to Applied Coal Petrology 20
1.1. Fundamental Concepts 20
1.2. Coal Resources, Mining, and Utilization 21
1.2.1. Coal Resources and Production 22
1.2.2. Coal Mining and Utilization 24
1.3. Environmental Issues and Options 26
1.3.1. Impacts Associated with Coal Mining 26
1.3.2. Impacts of Coal Combustion 27
1.3.3. Amelioration of Combustion Impacts 28
1.4. The Role of Applied Coal Petrology 29
1.4.1. History and Scope of Coal Petrology 30
1.4.2. Coal Characteristics for Utilization 31
1.4.3. Petrological Controls on Coal Characteristics 33
1.4.4. Integration of Coal Petrology in the Evaluation Process 37
Chapter 2: Basic Factors Controlling Coal Quality and Technological Behavior of Coal 38
2.1. Introduction 38
2.2. Coal Composition: Organic Components 38
2.2.1. Organic Petrography: Macerals and Microlithotypes 39
2.2.2. Elemental Composition of Coal Macerals 50
2.2.3. Organic Geochemistry 53
2.3. Coal Composition: Inorganic Components 55
2.3.1. Minerals and Mineral Matter 55
2.3.2. Nonmineral Inorganic Components 61
2.3.3. Trace Elements in Coal 63
2.4. Coal Metamorphism: Rank Determination 65
2.4.1. Bulk Chemical Measurements of Rank 68
2.4.2. Vitrinite Reflectance 71
2.4.3. Fluorescence 73
2.5. Coal Classification 74
2.6. Coal Blends 77
Chapter 3: Mining and Beneficiation 80
3.1. Introduction 80
3.2. Coal Strength 81
3.3. Coal Permeability, Premining Gas Drainage, and Outbursts 83
3.4. Self-Heating and Spontaneous Combustion 85
3.5. Breakage During Mining 86
3.6. Breakage During Preparation 89
3.6.1. Measurement of Coal Breakage Properties 90
3.6.2. Grindability 92
3.7. Maceral and Mineral Partitioning During Beneficiation 95
3.7.1. Maceral Partitioning During Beneficiation 96
3.7.2. Mineral and Trace Element Partitioning 97
3.7.3. Froth Flotation/Column Flotation of Fine Particles 99
3.7.4. Oil Agglomeration 100
3.7.5. Magnetic Separation 101
3.7.6. Triboelectrostatic Separation 102
Chapter 4: Coal Combustion 104
4.1. Introduction 104
4.2. Combustion Processes and Technology 105
4.3. Coal Behavior in Pulverization 107
4.4. Combustion Properties of Coal 110
4.4.1. Coal Characteristics for Combustion: Basic Combustion/Maceral Relationships 111
4.4.2. Mineral Matter Behavior During Combustion 113
4.4.3. Fate of Trace Elements in Combustion and Ash Formation 122
4.4.4. Emissions (Particulates < 10 mum, Fly Ash, Dioxins, NOx, CO2, SO2)
4.5. Fly Ash 131
4.5.1. Carbon in Fly Ash 132
4.5.2. Glass and Minerals in Fly Ash 135
Chapter 5: Coal Gasification 138
5.1. Introduction 138
5.2. Processes and Methods for Coal Gasification 138
5.2.1. Various Types of Gasifiers and Gasification Processes 139
5.3. Main Characteristics and Properties of Coals for Gasification 145
5.3.1. Coal Characterization and Behavior During Gasification (Primarily the Organic Component) 146
5.3.2. Mineral Characterization and Behavior During Gasification 152
5.3.3. Fate of Trace Elements During Gasification 157
5.4. Characterization of Gasification Residues 158
5.5. Advanced Gasification (Polygeneration, Cogasification) 160
5.5.1. Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) 161
5.5.2. Hydrogen Production via Cogasification 161
5.5.3. Air-Blown Gasification Cycle (ABGC) 162
5.5.4. Underground Coal Gasification (UCG) 162
5.5.5. Biomass Gasification 162
5.5.6. Plasma Gasification 163
Chapter 6: Direct Coal Liquefaction 164
6.1. Introduction 164
6.2. Process and Methods for Coal Liquefaction 164
6.3. Main Characteristics and Properties of Coals for Liquefaction 166
6.3.1. Influence of Coal Petrologic Composition 169
6.3.2. Solid Liquefaction Residues 171
6.4. Fate of Vitrinite Group Macerals 174
6.5. Fate of Liptinite Group Macerals 177
6.6. Fate of Inertinite Group Macerals 178
6.7. Fate of Mineral Matter 179
6.8. Reactor Solids 180
6.9. Applied Petrology 182
Chapter 7: Coal Carbonization 192
7.1. Introduction 192
7.2. The Coal-to-Coke Transformation 192
7.3. Coke Petrology Classification 195
7.4. Coke Strength Prediction 199
7.5. Quinoline Insolubles 205
7.6. Petroleum Coke 207
7.7. Weathering 209
Chapter 8: Coal-Derived Carbon Materials 212
8.1. Introduction 212
8.2. Raw Materials and Precursors of Carbon Materials 213
8.3. Optical Microscopy Approach to the Characterization of Coal-Derived Carbon Materials 216
8.3.1. Petrographic Characteristics 217
8.3.2. Quantitative Determinations 224
8.4. Carbon-Based Materials from Coal 229
8.4.1. Carbon Fibers and Carbon-Carbon Composites 229
8.4.2. Graphites 234
8.4.3. Activated Carbons 237
8.4.4. Carbon Foams 241
8.5. Carbon-Based Materials from Precursors Other Than Coal 243
Chapter 9: Coal as a Petroleum Source Rock and Reservoir Rock 246
9.1. Introduction 246
9.2. Coal as a Petroleum Source Rock 247
9.2.1. Kerogen and Macerals 247
9.2.2. Hydrocarbon Generation 251
9.2.3. Coal-Bearing Petroleum Systems 257
9.3. Coal as a Petroleum Reservoir Rock 261
9.3.1. Adsorption and Gas Capacity 262
9.3.2. Gas Content 265
9.3.3. Porosity and Permeability 267
9.3.4. Reservoir Pressure 272
9.3.5. Reservoir Temperature and Gas-Phase Relationships 276
9.3.6. Formation Water Chemistry and Basin Hydrology 279
Chapter 10: Environmental and Health Impacts 282
10.1. Introduction 282
10.2. In-Ground Coal Environmental and Health Issues 284
10.3. Coal Processing and Mining 285
10.3.1. Miners' Health 286
10.3.2. Water Quality: Acidic Drainage 287
10.3.3. Water Quality: Other Issues 289
10.3.4. Mine Fires (Spontaneous Combustion) 289
10.4. Coal Use: Emissions 291
10.4.1. Sulfur Oxides 292
10.4.2. Nitrogen Oxides 293
10.4.3. Particulate Matter 294
10.4.4. Trace Elements 294
10.4.5. Carbon Dioxide 301
10.5. Coal Combustion Byproducts 302
10.6. Radionuclides and Radioactivity 304
10.7. Final Comments 304
Chapter 11: Other Applications of Coal Petrology 308
11.1. Introduction 308
11.2. Archaeology 308
11.3. Environmental Recovery Studies 314
11.4. Spontaneous Combustion 315
11.5. Forensic Geology 317
11.6. Automobile Brakes 318
Bibliography 322
Index 400
Color Plate Section 408