Petroleum Engineer's Guide to Oil Field Chemicals and Fluids (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Petroleum Engineer’s Guide to Oil Field Chemicals and Fluids 4
Copyright 5
Table of Contents 6
Preface 22
How to Use This Book 22
Acknowledgments 23
Chapter 1. Drilling Muds 24
Classification of Muds 25
Mud Compositions 30
Additives 42
Cleaning Operations 59
Drilling Fluid Disposal 61
Characterization of Drilling Muds 63
References 65
Tradenames 78
Chapter 2. Fluid Loss Additives 84
Mechanism of Action of Fluid Loss Agents 84
Inorganic Additives 87
Organic Additives 90
Polysaccharides 93
Humic Acid Derivates 101
Synthetic Polymers 105
References 129
Tradenames 137
Chapter 3. Clay Stabilization 148
Properties of Clays 148
Mechanisms Causing Instability 154
Swelling Inhibitors 156
Test Methods 165
References 166
Tradenames 170
Chapter 4. Lubricants 172
Synthetic Greases 172
Lubricant Compositions 177
Special Issues 195
References 197
Tradenames 206
Chapter 5. Bacterial Control 208
Mechanisms of Growth 208
Treatments with Biocides 219
Biocides 220
References 232
Tradenames 239
Chapter 6. Corrosion Inhibitors 240
Classification of Corrosion Inhibitors 241
Fields of Application 241
Application Techniques 243
Characterization 244
Side Effects 246
Inhibitor Chemicals 248
Miscellaneous Inhibitors 262
References 267
Tradenames 275
Chapter 7. Scale Inhibitors 276
Classification and Mechanism 276
Mathematical Models 279
Inhibitor Chemicals 280
Characterization 290
References 291
Tradenames 297
Chapter 8. Gelling Agents 298
Placing Gels 298
Basic Mechanisms of Gelling Agents 299
Gelling in Oil-based Systems 300
Gelling in Water-based Systems 305
In Situ Formed Polymers 311
References 313
Tradenames 316
Chapter 9. Filter Cake Removal 318
Bridging Agents 319
Degradation by Acids 321
Orthoesters 324
Enzymatic Degradation 325
Peroxides 326
Degradation by Oligosaccharides 327
Breaking by Emulsions 327
Special Issues 328
References 330
Chapter 10. Cement Additives 334
Cementing Technologies 335
Basic Composition of Portland Cement 336
Special Cement Types 340
Classification of Cement Additives 346
References 368
Tradenames 381
Chapter 11. Transport 384
Pretreatment of the Products 384
Corrosion Control 388
Paraffin Inhibitors 391
Pour Point Depressants 392
Drag Reducers 392
Hydrate Control 394
Additives for Slurry Transport 394
Additives for Odorization 396
Cleaning 396
References 397
Chapter 12. Drag Reducers 402
Operating Costs 402
Mechanism of Drag Reduction 403
Drag-reducing Chemicals 407
References 410
Chapter 13. Gas Hydrate Control 414
Naturally Occurring Gas Hydrates 415
Problems with Gas Hydrates in Petroleum Technology 416
Nature of Inclusion Compounds 417
Conditions for Formation 420
Formation and Properties of Gas Hydrates 422
Test Procedures for Inhibitors 424
Inhibition of Gas Hydrate Formation 426
Hydrate Inhibitors for Drilling Fluids 442
References 443
Tradenames 449
Chapter 14. Antifreeze Agents 450
Theory of Action 450
Antifreeze Chemicals 451
Heat Transfer Liquids 452
Special Uses 457
References 458
Chapter 15. Odorization 460
General Aspects 461
Measurement and Odor Monitoring 462
Additives for Odorization 469
Industrial Synthesis of Odorants 473
Uses and Properties 474
References 477
Tradenames 481
Chapter 16. Enhanced Oil Recovery 482
Waterflooding 483
Caustic Waterflooding 493
Acid Flooding 494
Emulsion Flooding 495
Chemical Injection 497
Polymer Waterflooding 499
Combination Flooding 500
Foam Flooding 502
Carbon Dioxide Flooding 506
Steamflooding 507
In Situ Combustion 508
Special Techniques 508
Microbial-Enhanced Oil Recovery Techniques 510
Reservoir Properties 521
Treatment of Produced Water 524
Soil Remediation 525
References 525
Chapter 17. Fracturing Fluids 542
Stresses and Fractures 542
Comparison of Stimulation Techniques 543
Types of Hydraulic Fracturing Fluids 544
Water-Based Systems 549
Oil-Based Systems 576
Foam-Based Fracturing Fluids 578
Fracturing in Coal-Beds 581
Propping Agents 582
Acid Fracturing 587
Special Problems 589
Characterization of Fracturing Fluids 592
References 594
Tradenames 606
Chapter 18. Water Shutoff 608
Classification of Methods 608
In Situ Polymerization 609
Acrylic Gels 610
Special Applications 613
Thermally Stable Gels 614
Disproportionate Permeability Reduction 614
Silicate-based Agents 615
Resin Types 618
Cement with Additives 620
Organosilicones 629
Non-Crosslinked Copolymers 630
Inorganic Colloids 630
Water Swelling Additives 631
Wastes 632
Surfactants 634
Tailoring the Hydrodynamic Volume 636
References 638
Tradenames 646
Chapter 19. Oil Spill Treating Agents 648
History 648
References 664
Chapter 20. Waste Disposal 670
Drilling Fluids 670
Cuttings 672
Injection Techniques 678
References 683
Tradenames 685
Chapter 21. Dispersions, Emulsions, and Foams 686
Dispersions 687
Emulsions 693
Foams 706
References 711
Tradenames 716
Chapter 22. Defoamers 718
Theory of Defoaming 718
Classification of Defoamers 721
Uses in Petroleum Technology 722
References 726
Chapter 23. Demulsifiers 728
Emulsions in Produced Crude Oil 728
Waterflooding 729
Oil Spill Treatment 729
Desired Properties 729
Mechanisms of Demulsification 729
Performance Testing 730
Classification of Demulsifiers 731
Demulsifiers in Detail 733
References 743
Appendix 1: List of Tradenames 750
Appendix 2: List of Acronyms 758
Index 762
Chemical Index 762
Subject Index 790