Ethnicity and Integration (eBook)

Foreword 6
Preface 9
Acknowledgements 10
Contents 11
Contributors 13
1 Ethnicity and Integration 15
Introduction 15
Race and Ethnicity 15
Immigration and Integration 20
Measuring Ethnic Integration, Diversity and Density 23
Structure and Spatial Distribution of Ethnic Populations of Britain 24
Book Structure and Contents 27
Ethnic Population Change and Residential Concentration 27
Ethnicity and Household Dynamics 28
Internal and International Ethnic Migration 29
Ethnic Identity and Language 31
Ethnicity and Health 32
Ethnicity, Crime and Social Cohesion 34
Ethnic Population Projection 35
Secondary Data Sources 36
References 36
2 Ethnic Group Population Change and Integration: A Demographic Perspective on Ethnic Geographies 40
Introduction 40
Measuring Neighbourhood Ethnic Group Population Change 42
Drivers of Ethnic Group Population Change for England and Wales 45
Southall Broadway: An Illustration of Neighbourhood Ethnic Group Population Dynamics 47
Components of Population Change and Ethnic Minority Concentration 51
Conclusions 55
References 56
3 Ethnic Residential Segregation Change in England and Wales 59
Introduction 59
Data and Measures 60
Enhancing the Population Census 60
Two Common Measures 61
Population Change and Index Values Over Time 62
Population Change 62
National Index Values Over Time 63
Index Values for Selected Districts Over Time 65
Index Values Across Life Stages 67
Exploring Variations by Age Cohorts 67
Index Values by Age Cohorts Nationally and for Selected Districts 67
Conclusions 70
References 72
4 Ethnicity and Fertility in the United Kingdom 75
Introduction 75
Methods of Estimating Ethnic Fertility 79
LFS-Own Child Method to Estimate Age-Specific Fertility Rates 79
LFS-OCM, a Reverse Survival Technique for Inter-Censal Fertility 81
OCM Refinements Correcting for Fertility Under-Estimation 82
Variations in the Quantum and Tempo of Childbearing by Ethnic Group 83
Fertility Trends by Ethnicity 83
Women's Age at Childbearing, Patterns and Changes 85
The Direct Impact of Immigration on Fertility, 1997--2006 88
Conclusions 89
References 91
5 Neighbourhood Ethnic Mix and the Formation of Mixed-Ethnic Unions in Britain 94
Introduction 94
Theoretical Background 95
Data and Methods 97
Patterns of Mixed-Ethnic Unions 100
Formation of Mixed-Ethnic Unions 104
The Sample Descriptions 104
Modelling Results 106
Conclusions 110
References 112
6 Ethnic Internal Migration in England and Wales: Spatial Analysis Using a District Classification Framework 115
Introduction 115
Context 116
Ethnic Population Concentration 116
The Impact of Immigration on Settled Communities 117
Internal Migration and Dispersal 118
Data Sources and Spatial Units 119
Migration Data 119
Spatial Units 121
Ethnic Diversity and Migration Propensity 122
Ethnic Mix 123
Age Structure 124
Geographical Distribution of Ethnic Populations 127
Internal Migration by Ethnic Group 128
Intra and Inter-district Shares 129
Net Migration Balances by Area Type 130
Age Disaggregation 133
Conclusions 138
References 139
7 Do Ethnic Groups Migrate Towards Areas of High Concentration of Their Own Group Within England and Wales 143
Introduction 143
White Flight and White Avoidance 144
Self-selected Segregation 145
Using the 2001 Census to Explore Trends at the Electoral Ward Level 147
Measuring Residential Segregation 148
Patterns of Concentration and Movement in England and Wales 149
Ward Level Concentrations of Ethnic Groups 149
Movement Towards Areas of High Concentration of Own Ethnic Group 153
The Case of London 156
Conclusions 157
References 159
8 Understanding the Impact of Immigration on the Labour Market Outcomes of British Workers 162
Introduction 162
Theoretical Background 163
Classical Economic Theory 163
Opportunity Structure of the Labour Market and Spatial Inequality 164
Ethnic Composition of Local Labour Markets and the Labour Market Impact of Immigrants 165
Hypotheses 166
Methodology 167
Research Design and Data 167
Statistical Method 169
Results 170
Spatial Distributions of Immigrants in Britain 170
Multivariate Multi-level Regression Results 179
Conclusions 183
References 186
9 Black Africans in England: A Diversity of Integration Experiences 188
Introduction 188
Data Sources 190
Black African Immigration 191
Demographic Characteristics 195
Age 195
Gender 195
Black African Household and Family Structures 198
Expressions of National and Ethnic Identity 199
Diversity of Language 202
Employment 206
Conclusion 208
References 209
10 Ethnic Differences in Physical Activity and Obesity 212
Introduction: Obesity as a Policy Issue 212
Ethnicity and Obesity 213
Data and Methods 215
The Health Survey for England 215
Analysis Strategy 216
Exploratory Analysis 218
Physical Activity 218
Obesity 219
Logistic Regression Analysis 221
Physical Activity 221
Obesity 223
Discussion 226
Ethnicity, Physical Activity and Obesity 226
Migration, Physical Activity and Obesity 227
Socio-Demographic and Socio-Economic Determinants of Physical Activity and Obesity 227
Diet and Physical Activity as Predictors of Obesity 228
Conclusions 229
References 229
11 Racial Discrimination and Health: Exploring the Possible Protective Effects of Ethnic Density 234
Introduction 234
Existing Studies 235
Ethnic Density and Health 235
Ethnic Density and Experience of Racial Discrimination 236
Ethnic Density and Social Cohesion 236
Ethnic Density and Civic Engagement 237
Data 238
Ethnic Density Data from the 2001 Census 238
Operationalising Ethnic Density 239
The Citizenship Survey 240
Statistical Analysis 242
Description of the Citizenship Survey Participants 242
Ethnic Density and Long-Term Limiting Illness 244
Racism Prevalence and Association with Ethnic Density 244
Levels of Social Cohesion and Association with Ethnic Density 248
Prevalence of Civic Engagement and Association with Ethnic Density 249
Limitations of the Study 250
Conclusions and Implications 252
References 255
12 Ethnic Variation in Crime-Related Experiences: A Statistical Comparison of Asian and Black Responses on the British Crime Survey 20012007 260
Introduction 260
Background and Literature 261
Data and Methods 263
Capturing Ethnicity 264
Sample Size Issues 265
Outcome (Dependent) Variables 267
Analyses 267
Control (Independent) Variables 268
Findings 268
Victimisation Prevalence 268
Fear of Crime -- Impact on Quality of Life 270
Perceptions of the Criminal Justice System 273
Conclusions 274
References 275
13 Exploring the Links Between Population Heterogeneity and Perceptions of Social Cohesion in England 278
Introduction 278
Data Sources 281
Dependent Variables: Perceptions of Anti-social Behaviour and Collective Efficacy 281
Independent Variables 283
Methods 287
Results 290
Conclusions 292
References 293
14 Ethnic Group Populations: The Components for Projection, Demographic Rates and Trends 297
Introduction 297
Ethnic Group Populations 298
Demographic Components 299
Fertility 299
Mixing 300
Mortality 303
Sub-national Migration 309
International Migration 315
Conclusions 319
References 321
Index 324