Sustainable Forest Management in a Changing World: a European Perspective (eBook)

Contents 9
Introduction: Some Basic Remarks on Sustainable Forest Management, Environment and Global Ethics 11
Sustaining the World’s Forests: Managing Competing Demands for a Vital Resource – The Role of the World Bank1 18
Box 1 Why forests matter to Africa 19
The Forces and Dynamics Affecting the World’s Forests 20
Forest Law Enforcement and Governance 20
Forests in Poverty-Reduction Strategies 21
Global Values from Forests 22
Demand 23
Some Controversies Surrounding Forests 23
Forests and Poverty Reduction 23
Governance Issues 24
Protecting Global Environmental Services 24
Actions of the International Community Toward Sustainable Forest Management 25
The Rio Earth Summit 25
The Kyoto Protocol 26
The United Nations Forum on Forests 26
Independent Forest Certification 27
Designation of Protected Areas 27
Consequences of the Failure to Manage Forests Sustainably 28
The World Bank’s Engagement in Sustainable Forest Management 28
The World Bank’s Forests Strategy 29
Box 2 Mexico: Second Community Forestry Project 31
Box 3 Forest Law Enforcement and Governance 32
The World Bank Group’s Forest Lending Portfolio 33
Recent Developments with Potential Impact on Forests 34
The World Bank’s New Initiatives: Response to Climate Change and the Role of Forests 35
The World Bank Strategic Framework on Climate Change 36
Financing Forests and Climate Change 36
Carbon Credits and Payments 36
Sources for Technical Assistance 37
Source of Concessional Financing 38
Growing Forests Partnership 38
Coherence or Confusion 39
Are International Interventions Relevant? 39
Conclusion 40
Useful Web Links on Forestry Conservation and Management 40
Conservation of Tropical Forests and Climate Change Mitigation 42
Introduction 42
Loss of Tropical Forests: A Complex Phenomenon with a Simple Root Cause 43
Box 1 Case Study Bolivia: From Old to New Deforestation (from a Model of Conservation to Uncertainty) 47
Avoidance of Deforestation Has Become REDD (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countri 52
Different Expectations and Perspectives on REDD 52
Market-Linked Approaches Rather Than Market-based Approaches 54
How to Turn REDD-Transfers into Avoided Deforestation – Opportunity Costs and Governance Issues 54
The Role of the Forest Carbon Partnership Facility 55
The Political Dimension of REDD 56
Will Conservation Gain from REDD? 57
The State of Europe’s Forests: 2007 – Report of the Fifth Ministerial Conference on the Protection of Forests in Europe for Su 61
History 61
Box 1 The MCPFE Definition of “Sustainable Forest Management” 62
The State and Development of Europe’s Forests 62
Forest Resources and Their Contribution to Global Carbon Cycles 64
Health and Vitality of Forest Ecosystems 64
Productive Function of Forests 65
Biodiversity in Forest Ecosystems 65
Protective Functions 66
Socio-economic Functions and Conditions 66
Forest Policy and Institutional Scope 67
Sustainable Forest Management in the Tropics – Still a Long Way to Go? 69
Deforestation 69
The Principles of Sustainable Forest Management 72
Terms Commonly Used in Tropical Forest Management 72
Land Tenure and Utilization of Tropical and Subtropical Forests 74
Degraded and Secondary Forests 75
Management Systems for Tropical and Subtropical Forests 76
SFM in the Brazilian Amazon 77
Reduced-Impact Logging (RIL) in the Brazilian Amazon – a Comparative Case Study 81
SFM – Still a Long Way to Go? A Synthesis 88
Non–wood Forest Products for Livelihoods and Sustainable Development 91
Concept, Definitions, and Scope 91
Typology of Non-wood Forest Products 92
Foods 92
Medicinal Plants 93
Fibres 94
Chemicals 94
Ornamentals 94
Socio-economic Importance of NWFP 94
Trade in Non-wood Forest Products 95
Trends in Production and Trade 96
Rattan 97
Bamboo 97
Challenges and Opportunities 98
Challenges 98
Key Areas of Future Work 98
Resource development 98
Product and marketing improvement 99
Policy and institutional support 99
Opportunities 99
Conservation of Forest Genetic Resources: The Basis for Adaptability in Managed Forests 100
Introduction 100
Conservation of Genetic Sustainability 100
How to Foster Genetic Diversity? 102
What Are Forest Genetic Resources? 103
Priorities of Forest Genetic Conservation 104
Evaluation of Genetic Conservation Units 105
Conservation Value (Qualitative Aspect) 106
Conservation Urgency (Endangerment Aspect) 106
Characterising Genetic Structures 108
Genetic Monitoring 108
Measures for the Conservation of Genetic Resources 109
Conservation of Genetic Resources as Part of Forest Management 111
Conservation of Genetic Resources in Protected Areas 112
Conserving Genetic Resources from Adapted Provenances of Tree and Shrub Species 113
Genetic Adaptability and Climate Change 114
Future Role of Forest Genetics in the Conservation of Adaptability 117
Tasks of Part A 117
Tasks of part B 119
Adaptive Forest Management: A Prerequisite for Sustainable Forestry in the Face of Climate Change 122
Introduction 122
Climate-Change Pressures in Europe 124
Impacts on Central European Forests 125
Strategies of Adaptive Forest Management 128
Implementation of Adaptive Forest Management Using Silvicultural Operations 131
Strategic Considerations 131
Silvicultural Options 132
Tree-Species Selection 132
Regeneration and Felling Options 133
Site Preparation and Stand Establishment 135
Thinning 135
‘New’ Species and Provenances 136
Conclusions and Outlook 139
A Scientific Perspective for Silviculture 147
Introduction 147
The scientific Object of Silviculture 148
The Role of Theory in Silviculture 151
Examples of the Formation of New Silvicultural Hypotheses 151
Testing Existing Silvicultural Recommendations 151
Applying Consolidated Theory from Disciplines Outside Forest Science to Solve Silvicultural Problems 154
Considering Uncertainty to Implement Sustainable Management 154
Making the Consequences of Management Constraints Transparent 156
Concluding Statement 156
Forest-Related Climate Mitigation Options: Dialogues for Exploring Opportunities and Threats 161
The Role of Forests in Stabilising the Climate System 161
Why Has Halting Deforestation Not Succeeded So Far? 163
What Is the Relevance of Forest-Related Low-Cost Backstop Options? 165
Five Types of Dialogues 167
Discussion 170
Key Challenges in Forest Protected Area Management 174
Introduction 174
Changing Conservation Paradigms 176
Box 1 Community conserved areas and forest conservation 181
Challenging Conservation Targets 181
Box 2 Fire frequency and management effectiveness 183
Global Change and Climate Change 184
Box 3 Forest protected areas and mining, oil, and gas 185
Protected areas and armed conflict 186
Conclusions 187
Forest Organisations in Change: Examples from the Tropics and Subtropics 195
Objectives and Conceptual Framework 195
Historical Overview and Genesis of the Organisation System 196
Traditional Forest Use 197
Colonial Forest Use and Administration 198
Decolonisation: Forests for National Growth 198
Internationalisation of Forest Organisations 199
Polarisation 199
Globalisation 199
Lessons Learnt from the Historical Review 200
Current Forest Organisations in the Tropics 201
Introduction 201
Forest Organisations on State Land 201
State Forest Administration 201
State Forest Enterprises 202
Forest Concessions 203
Taungya 204
Joint Forest Management 204
Forest Organisations on Community Land 206
Community Forestry 207
Forest User Groups 208
Forest Organisations on Private Land 209
The Farm-Household System 209
Private Forest-Farmers Associations 211
Medium and Large-Scale Private Forest Enterprises 212
Outgrower Schemes 213
Private Service Enterprises 213
Synthesis of the Case-Study Results 214
Outlook and Conclusions 215
Forestry or “The Art of Flying Blind”. Sustainability in an Era of Global Change 220
Introduction 220
The Concept of Sustainability and the Compensation of Uncertainty and Contingency 222
Future Orientations in Contemporary Forestry 224
The Shaping Force of Future Concepts 224
Current Orientation in German Forestry vis-à-vis the Future 227
Sustainability and the Anticipation of Future – Uncertainty as a Decision-Making Problem 230
Sustainability as a Moral Claim – the Future as a Problem of Normative Uncertainty 231
Sustainability as Strategic Planning – the Future as a Problem of Cognitive Uncertainty 232
The Art of Flying Blind – Adaptive Management as a Means to Sustainability 233
Sustainable Forest Management as a Model for Sustainable Development: Conclusions Toward a Concrete Vision 239
More Responsibility for the Conservation of the Forests Worldwide 240
Environmentally Sound Management of Forests and No Timber Use from Exploitation and Disputable Sources 241
Promotion of Close-to-Nature Forestry and Adaptive Management 241
Communication of Forest Use as a Model for Sustainable Use 241
Index 243