Herbal Nutraceuticals

Santosh Kumar Upadhyay, Assistant Professor, Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India. Dr. Upadhyay works in the area of plant molecular biology for the isolation and characterization and recombinant production of various defense-related and industrial proteins. Sudhir Pratap Singh, Professor, Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Gujarat Biotechnology University, Gandhinagar, India. Professor Singh works in the area of gene mining and biocatalyst engineering for the development of biotechnological approaches for high-value biomolecule production.

About the Editors xvii

List of Contributors xix

Preface xxv

1 Plants Based Nutraceuticals: An Overview 1
Dheeraj Bisht, Vikas Bhatt, Rajeshwar Kamal Kant Arya, Shikha Yadav, Deepak Kumar, Sudhir Pratap Singh, and Santosh Kumar Upadhyay

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Historical Background Behind Nutraceutical Investigations 2

1.3 Pervasive Requisition for Nutraceuticals 3

1.4 Classification of Nutraceuticals 3

1.5 Popularly Found Herbs Utilized as Nutraceuticals 6

1.6 Utility of Nutraceuticals in Cure of Different Diseases 9

1.7 Current Status of Nutraceuticals 15

1.8 Challenges and Future Aspects 15

1.9 Conclusion 16

References 16

2 Herbal Nutraceutical as Alternative Medicine 23
Alok Sharma, Madhu, Sapna Avinash Kondalkar, Ajay Kumar Meena, and Santosh Kumar Upadhyay

2.1 Introduction 23

2.2 Classification of Nutraceuticals 24

2.3 Types of Herbal Nutraceuticals Used as Alternative Medicine 27

2.4 Conclusions 35

Acknowledgments 35

References 35

3 Significance of Nutraceuticals in Modern Health Maintenance and Disease Prevention 47
Mahra Mohammad Moosa Ali Alblooshi, Kok Song Lai, Swee Hua Erin Lim, and Shamshul Ansari

3.1 Introduction 47

3.2 Plant based Nutraceuticals 48

3.3 Plant based Nutraceuticals in the Middle East 49

3.4 Modified Versus Organic Plant based Nutraceuticals 50

3.5 The Preventive Potency of Plant based Nutraceuticals 50

3.6 Prospective Developments in Plant based Functional Foods: Global and Middle Eastern Perspectives 53

3.7 Conclusions 54

References 54

4 Applications of Spices in Nutraceuticals 59
Ashwini Prabhu

4.1 Introduction 59

4.2 Benefits of Spices as Nutraceuticals 60

4.3 Conclusions 68

References 69

5 Antioxidant Properties of Food Plants, Spices, Beverages, and Nutraceuticals—Health and Anti aging Potentials 77
Michael Wink

5.1 Introduction 77

5.2 Reactive Oxygen Species and Health Implications 79

5.3 Antioxidant Molecules from Nature 90

5.4 Antioxidant Activities in the Model System Caenorhabditis elegans 91

5.5 Potential Health Benefits of Herbal Products with Antioxidant Properties 93

5.6 Conclusions 94

Acknowledgments 95

References 95

6 Nutraceuticals with Antidiabetic Potentials from Plants 107
Roman Lysiuk, Serhii Oliinyk, Andrii Boiko, Iryna Lozynska, Petro Oliinyk, and Andrian Boiko

6.1 Introduction 107

6.2 Types of Diabetes 108

6.3 Flavonoids in Ameliorating of Diabetes Mellitus Complications 109

6.4 Diabetic Cardiomyopathy 110

6.5 Diabetic Nephropathy 111

6.6 Diabetic Neuropathy 113

6.7 Diabetic Retinopathy 113

6.8 Diabetic Skin Ulcer 114

6.9 Improvement of Bioavailability of Flavonoids 114

6.10 Plant derived Nutraceuticals with Antidiabetic Potentials 115

6.11 Conclusions 123

References 124

7 Herbal Wine and Health Benefits 135
Sonia Morya, Gopika S. Pillai, Abishek Dinesh, Amenah S. Alotaibi, Hanan A. Alatawi, and Farid Menaa

7.1 Introduction 135

7.2 Defining Concept of Herbal Wines 135

7.3 Historical Roots 136

7.4 Emerging Trends of Herbal Wine 136

7.5 The Herbal Component 137

7.6 Selection of Herbs 137

7.7 Techniques for Incorporating Herbs into the Wine Matrix 145

7.8 Significance of Herbal Wine in Human Health 147

7.9 Future Prospective of Herbal Wine 148

7.10 Conclusion 149

References 149

8 Plant-based Nutraceuticals with Anticarcinogenic Potential 155
Omar S. Al Odat, Gabriella Yao, Nicole K. Schmalbach, Daniel A. Guirguis, Osama Aloudat, Patrick A. Newport Ratiu, Subash C. Jonnalagadda, and Manoj K. Pandey

8.1 Journey of Nutraceuticals: From Folklores to Linchpins 155

8.2 Therapeutic Nutraceuticals for the Treatment of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer 156

8.3 A Cancer and Inflammation Savior: Curcumin 164

8.4 Conclusion and Future Direction 173

Author’s Contributions 173

Financial Support and Sponsorship 173

Abbreviations 174

References 175

9 Nano-based Herbal Nutraceuticals Against Different Diseases 187
Priyanku Pradip Das, Mehak Thakur, Dheeraj Bisht, Rajeshwar Kamal Kant Arya, Shavkatjon Azizov, H. Lalhlenmawia, and Deepak Kumar

9.1 Introduction 187

9.2 Plant mediated Nanoparticles as Antioxidant Agents 188

9.3 Plant-mediated Nanoparticles as Anti inflammatory Agents 189

9.4 Plant mediated Nanoparticles as Antimicrobial Agents 191

9.5 Plant mediated Nanoparticles as Antidiabetic Agents 192

9.6 Plant mediated Nanoparticles as Antihypertensive Agents 192

9.7 Plant mediated Nanoparticles as Anti obesity Agents 193

9.8 Conclusion and Future Direction 194

References 194

10 The Flavorful World: Exploring the Applications of Spices in Nutraceuticals 201
Anuradha and Navneeta Bharadvaja

10.1 Introduction 201

10.2 Chemistry of Compounds Specific to Spices 202

10.3 Role of Spices as Nutraceuticals 204

10.4 Conclusion 207

References 208

11 Carotenoids: Their Sources, Bioactivity, and Application in Industry 211
Irwandi Jaswir, Dedi Noviendri, Mohd Aznan Md Aris, Soraya Ismail, Widya Lestari, Noraihan Mat Harun, and Ridar Hendri

11.1 Introduction 211

11.2 Sources of Carotenoid 213

11.3 Carotenoids Bioactivity 217

11.4 Carotenoid Applications in Industry 221

11.5 Conclusions 223

Acknowledgments 223

References 223

12 Nutraceuticals in Legumes 229
Rajan Katoch, Ankur Tripathi, Neelam Thakur, and Kiran

12.1 Introduction 229

12.2 Legumes: A Superfood for Combating Malnutrition and Hunger 230

12.3 Nutritional Profile of Legumes 231

12.4 Nutraceutical Compounds in Legumes 232

12.5 Nonnutritive Bioactive Compounds 234

12.6 Nutraceutical Activities of Bioactive Compounds Present in Legumes 240

12.7 Nutraceutical Uses of Legumes in Traditional Medicine System 241

12.8 Legume based Nutritionally Fortified Food 242

12.9 Conclusion 242

References 243

13 Nutraceutical Potential of Herbal Beverages 251
Anoma Chandrasekara, Sashya Diyapaththugama, and Fereidoon Shahidi

13.1 Introduction 251

13.2 Bioactive Compounds in Herbal Beverages 254

13.3 Bioactivities of Herbal Beverages 256

13.4 Antioxidant Properties of Herbal Beverages 256

13.5 Herbal Beverages in Asia 257

13.6 Tropical Fruit Herbal Beverages 260

13.7 Herbal Beverages in Africa 261

13.8 Herbal Beverages in South America 262

13.9 Herbal Beverages in Europe 263

13.10 Conclusions 263

References 264

14 Nutraceuticals Present in Edible Oils 271
Rupasree Mukhopadhyay and Shruti Kabra

14.1 Introduction 271

14.2 Edible Oils and Their Uses 273

14.3 Important Nutraceuticals Present in Edible Oils 278

14.4 Conclusion 291

References 292

15 Nutraceuticals from Conventional and Nonconventional Fruits 309
Karishma Sebastian, Manjula Belagihalli Siddalingappa, Jeevitha Devaraju, and Panneer Selvam Ranchana

15.1 Introduction 309

15.2 Apple 310

15.3 Peach 310

15.4 Plum 310

15.5 Apricot 310

15.6 Sweet Cherry 310

15.7 Mango 311

15.8 Banana 311

15.9 Citrus 312

15.10 Grapes 312

15.11 Guava 312

15.12 Papaya 312

15.13 Pineapple 313

15.14 Sapota 313

15.15 Annona 313

15.16 Pomegranate 314

15.17 Dates 314

15.18 Avocado 314

15.19 Aonla 314

15.20 Strawberry 315

15.21 Kiwifruit 315

15.22 Rambutan 315

15.23 Mangosteen 316

15.24 Litchi 316

15.25 Longan 316

15.26 Blueberry 316

15.27 Raspberry 317

15.28 Walnut 317

15.29 Fig 317

15.30 Olive 318

15.31 Jamun 318

15.32 Passionfruit 318

15.33 Phalsa 318

15.34 Acerola 319

15.35 Mulberry 319

15.36 Prickly Pear 319

15.37 Sea Buckthorn 320

15.38 Bael 320

15.39 Conclusions 322

References 322

16 Nutraceutical Potential of Staple Food Crops 329
Aroma Joshi, Arun Kumar Gupta, Avinash Kumar Jha, Bindu Naik, Vijay Kumar, and Sarvesh Rustagi

16.1 Introduction 329

16.2 Overview of Major Staple Food Crops and Their Nutritional Composition 330

16.3 Bioactive Compounds Present in Staple Cereal Crops 330

16.4 Health Benefits of Staple Food Crops 333

16.5 Emerging Trends in Staple Food Crop Research 335

16.6 Importance of Educating Consumers About the Nutraceutical Potential 338

16.7 Importance of Promoting Staple Food Crops as Nutraceutical Sources 339

16.8 Future Scope and Conclusion 339

References 340

17 Pseudocereals Nutraceuticals 347
Sonia Morya, Aniket More, Arno Neumann, and Shikha Chauhan

17.1 Introduction 347

17.2 Types and Classification of Pseudocereals 348

17.3 Nutritional Composition of Pseudocereals 355

17.4 Health Benefits of Pseudocereals 355

17.5 Functional Properties and Nutraceutical Potential 360

17.6 Challenges and Opportunities 363

17.7 Conclusion 364

References 364

18 Safety Concerns Associated with Microalgal Nutraceuticals 373
Freny Shah, Niranjan Mishra, Kanti Bhooshan Pandey, and Sandhya Mishra

Abbreviations 373

18.1 Introduction 373

18.2 Market Trends 374

18.3 Microalgal Source and Nutrient Profile 375

18.4 Functional Foods with Microalgae 376

18.5 Safety Concerns and Measures to be Followed 376

18.6 Applications of Microalgal Nutraceuticals 377

18.7 Problems of Contamination 380

18.8 Future Scope 380

18.9 Conclusion 381

Acknowledgments 381

References 382

19 Toxicity Evaluation of Nutraceuticals 387
Sonia Morya, Farid Menaa, and Sharvary Arun Vichare

19.1 Introduction 387

19.2 Emerging Trends and Future Prospects 398

19.3 Conclusion 399

References 399

Index 405