Sclerotia Grains in Soils

Makiko Watanabe is a professor of soil geography in the Department of Geography, the Graduate School of Urban Environmental Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan (2008–present), and she was a professor at the Department of Environmental Science and Technology, the Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology (2002–2010). She served as a program officer of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (2009–2012), a member of the Science Council of Japan (2006–2014), and currently is a member of the National Research and Development Agency Council of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (2015–present). She was a visiting scholar at the Godwin Laboratory, the University of Cambridge (1998), a visiting professor at the Department of Historical Ecology, Krasnoyarsk State University (2000), and a visiting professor at the Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of Regina (2016). Based on her abundant field experiences in the Philippines, Germany, Egypt, Canada, and Mongolia, she has a broad view of understanding the time and space of soil environment and individual land history. Her research achievements are specialized in long-term circulation of soil substances and nature–human systems in regional environments, which provide basic knowledge of potentiality and limitation of homeostasis in terrestrial earth and feasible strategies for sustainable development.

Introduction.- Major and minor elemental composition  SEM-EDS, EPMA, PIXE, C-NMR, FT-IR, Al-NMR, TEM-EDX.- Life age of Cg sclerotia 14C age and stable isotope ratioδ13C.- Existing amount and strength properties of sclerotium grains.- Carbon decomposition and Al enrichment.- Micromorphology in sclerotium grains (Boemite, opaline silica).- Heavy metal concentration in sclerotia grains.- Fungal communities in sclerotia.- Sclerotia and Soil Anthropods -Niche differentiation of fungivorous Acari and Collembola in Japanese beech forest soils.- Bacterial communities in sclerotia Sphingomonas and Ralstonia picketti.- Sclerotium grains as Microbial carrier in soil.- Active aluminum status as regulating factor of sclerotium distribution 
Myoko,Podzols, Braunerde  Harz mts. Germany.-  Altitudinal and seasonal distribution of sclerotia grains.- Micro-topographical distribution of sclerotia grainsin Picea abies forest, Harz Mts.- Forest stand structure and sclerotium grains, Mt. Chokai, Central Japan.- Conclusion.