Plant and Human Health, Volume 3 (eBook)

Dr. Khalid Rehman Hakeem (PhD) is an Associate Professor at King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. He has completed his Ph.D. (Botany) from Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India in 2011. Dr. Hakeem has worked as Post Doctorate Fellow in 2012 and Fellow Researcher (Associate Prof.) from 2013-2016 at Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia. His speciality is in Plant Eco-Physiology, Molecular biology, Plant-Microbe-soil interactions, Medicinal plant research and Environmental Sciences and so far has edited and authored more than 25 books with Springer International, Academic Press (Elsevier) etc. He has also to his credit more than 110 research publications in peer reviewed international journals, including 40 book chapters in edited volumes with international publishers. Dr Hakeem is the recipient of many national and international awards and fellowships.Prof. (Dr.) Münir Öztürk (PhD) has served at the Ege University Izmir, Turkey for 50 years in different positions. He has been elected as the “Vice President of the Islamic World Academy of Sciences”; has received the fellowships from Alexander von Humboldt, Japanese Society for Promotion of Science and National Science Foundation of USA. Dr. Ozturk has served as Chairman Botany Department and Founding Director Centre for Environmental Sudies, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey, as Consultant Fellow, Faculty of Forestry, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia and as Distinguished Visiting Scientist, ICCBS, Karachi University, Pakistan. His fields of scientific interest are Plant Eco-Physiology; Conservation of Plant Diversity; Biosaline Agriculture and Crops; Pollution, Biomonitoring, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. He has published 40 books, 50 book chapters and 175 papers in journal with impact factor.

Dedication 5
Foreword 6
Preface 8
Contents 10
Phytochemical Constituents and Pharmacological Effects of Licorice: A Review 19
Introduction 19
Taxonomic Description 20
Botanical Description 20
Traditional Uses 20
Pharmacological Activities 21
Antimicrobial Activity 21
Antiviral Activity 23
Anti-inflammatory 24
Anti-ulcer 24
Antitumor 24
Antioxidant 25
Hepatoprotective Activity 26
Dermatological Effect 26
Antidepressant and Memory-Enhancing Activity 26
Other Effects 27
Phytochemistry 27
Flavonoids 28
Saponins 29
Phenolic Compounds 29
Coumarins 30
Essential Oils and Other Compounds 30
Side Effects and Toxicity 30
Conclusion 31
References 32
Glycyrrhiza glabra (Licorice) in Turkmenistan: Medicinal and Biological Aspects 40
Introduction 40
Medicinal Value of Licorice (G. glabra) 43
Industrial Aspects 48
Conclusions 49
References 50
Chemical Composition and Biological Uses of Artemisia absinthium (Wormwood) 53
Introduction 53
Historical Background of Artemisia absinthium 54
Medicinal Importance of Artemisia absinthium 55
Taxonomy 56
Phytochemistry of Artemisia absinthium 57
Active Constituents 58
Antimicrobial Activity of Artemisia absinthium 63
Adaptogenic and Nootropic Activity of Artemisia absinthium 65
Forced Swimming Test (FST) 66
Tail Suspension Test 66
Antidiabetes Effects of Artemisia absinthium 67
Anticancer Activity of Artemisia absinthium 68
Gastrointestinal Effects of Artemisia absinthium 70
Antioxidant Activity of Artemisia absinthium 70
Immunomodulatory Effect of Artemisia absinthium 72
Central Nervous System and Epileptic Effects of Artemisia absinthium 73
Anti-obesity Effects of Artemisia absinthium 74
Antifertility Effects of Artemisia absinthium 75
Toxicity and Interaction of Artemisia absinthium 75
References 76
Dietary Phytochemicals and Their Potential Effects on Diabetes Mellitus 2 80
Introduction 80
Pathogenesis 81
Dietary Phytochemicals 84
Polyphenols 84
Amino Acid 89
Saponins 89
Terpenoids (Isoprenoids) 90
Abscisic Acid (ABA) 91
Lycopene and b-Carotene 91
Oxyphytosterol 92
Phytosterols/Stanols 92
Conclusion 95
Future Consideration 95
References 95
Antianxiety Activities Associated with Herbal Drugs: A Review 102
Introduction 102
Allopathic Anxiolytic Agents, Pharmacodynamics, and Disadvantages 103
Plants Having Anxiolytic Effects 103
Ashwagandha 103
Kava 104
St. John’s-Wort 104
Brahmi 105
Passionflower 106
Siberian Ginseng 107
Star Flower 107
Ginseng 107
Salvia reuterana 108
Ginkgo 108
American Skullcap 109
Valerian 110
Damiana 111
Nees 111
Safed Musli 111
Griseb 112
Clary 112
Mugwort 112
Magnoliaceae 112
Comparison of Anxiolytic Activity of Herbal Plant Against Allopathic Formulations 113
Conclusion 113
References 114
Medicinal Plants in the Treatment of Arthritis 116
Introduction 116
Causes 117
Epidemiology 117
Need for Herbal Drugs for the Management of RA 117
Medicinal Plants with Antiarthritic Potential 117
Arctium lappa 124
Artemisia absinthium L. 124
Senna 125
Citrus medica L. 125
Clematis ochroleuca 126
Colchicum autumnale 127
Cuscuta epithymum 128
Asafoetida 128
Black Caraway 129
Rhubarb Root 130
China Root 131
Nux Vomica 132
Karanja 133
Punarnava 133
Haritaki 134
Avocado 134
Cat’s Claw 135
Tayuya 135
Chuchuhuasi 136
Carrapicho 136
Guaco 137
Shallaki 137
Sarasaparilla 137
Aloe Plant 138
Ashwagandha 138
Black Pepper 139
Black Cohosh 139
Ginger 140
Turmeric 140
Milkweed 140
Green Tea 141
Banyan Tree 141
Aginbuti 142
Deodar 142
Barringtonia 143
Mango 143
Tinospora gulancha 144
Night Jasmine 144
Chaste Tree 144
Abuta 145
Black Adusa 145
Kindal Tree 146
Conclusion 146
Conclusion and Future Prospect 146
References 146
Herbal Medicine in Diabetes Mellitus with Cardiovascular Diseases 153
Introduction 153
Diabetes Mellitus 154
The Experimental Models of Diabetes 155
Herbal Medicine and Diabetic Hearts 156
The Role of MicroRNAs in Diabetic Herbal Medicine 157
Resveratrol 164
The Antidiabetic Effects of Resveratrol 165
The Cardiovascular Effects of Resveratrol 167
The Relationship of Resveratrol with MicroRNAs 169
Berberine 169
The Antidiabetic Effects of Berberine 170
The Cardiovascular Effects of Berberine 172
The Relationship of Berberine with MicroRNAs 173
Ginseng 173
The Antidiabetic Effects of Ginseng 174
The Cardiovascular Effects of Ginseng 176
The Relationship of Ginseng with MicroRNAs 176
Curcumin 177
The Antidiabetic Effects of Curcumin 177
The Cardiovascular Effects of Curcumin 179
The Relationship of Curcumin with MicroRNAs 180
Ginkgo 181
The Antidiabetic Effects of Gingko 181
The Cardiovascular Effects of Gingko 182
The Relationship of Ginkgo with MicroRNAs 183
Conclusion 184
References 184
Protective Role of Medicinal Herb Anethum Graveolens (Dill) Against Various Human Diseases and Metabolic Disorders 195
Introduction 195
Botanical/Plant Material 197
Etymology 197
Origin/Distribution 198
Economic Importance of A. Graveolens 199
Nutritional Information 199
Medicinal Uses of A. Graveolens 200
Traditional Uses 200
Recent Research on A. Graveolens 200
Highlighting the Action of A. Graveolens Against Various Disorders 201
What Do Animal Studies on A. Graveolens Have to Say? 201
Randomized Clinical Trials 202
Chemical Constituents and Structure of Active BioMolecules of A. Graveolens 203
Molecular Interaction of Carvone with p53 204
Conclusion and Future Perspective 205
References 205
Fern to Pharma: Potential Neuroameliorative Properties of Pteridophytes 209
Introduction 209
Oxidative Stress and Neurodegeneration 210
Plant-Derived Bioactives for Neuroprotective Strategies 210
History of Ferns in General or Therapeutic Applications 213
General Phytochemistry of Ferns 213
Potential Neuromodulatory Properties of Actives from Ferns 213
Conclusion 218
References 219
Ajwa Dates: A Highly Nutritive Fruit with the Impending Therapeutic Application 223
Introduction 223
Date Ripening Stages 224
Proximate Composition of Dates 226
Nutritional Value of Date Palm (Table 4) 226
Sugars 226
Minerals 227
Vitamins 228
Amino Acids 228
Dietary Fiber 229
Phytochemistry of Date Palm (Table 5) 229
Phenolic Acids 230
Phytosterols 231
Carotenoids 232
Flavonoids 232
Anthocyanins and Procyanidins 233
Therapeutic Properties of Dates 234
Anti-inflammatory Activity of Dates 234
Antioxidant Activity of Dates, a Protection from Many Diseases 234
Antitumor and Anticancer Activity of Date Palm 235
Antidiabetic Activity of Date Palm 235
Date Palm Ameliorates Male Fertility 236
Date Palm, a Remedy for Estrogenic Hormonal Deficiency 236
The Cardioprotective and Antihyperlipidemic Activity of Date Palm 236
The Hepatoprotective Activity of Date Palm Against Multiple Chemically Induced Hepatotoxicity 237
Cerebroprotective, Neuroprotective, and Neuropharmacological Effect of Date Palm 238
Date as a Laxative and Anti-ulcer Agent That Protects Gastrointestinal Tract 238
Nephroprotective Activity of Date Palm Through Ameliorating Oxidative Stress 239
Antimicrobial Activity of Date Palm 239
Antiviral Activity of Date Palm 240
Clinical Study of Date Palm on Delivery and Labor Relaxation 240
Conclusion 240
References 241
An Insight of Multitudinous and Inveterate Pharmacological Applications of Foeniculum vulgare (Fennel) 245
Introduction 245
Taxonomy 245
Botanical Description 247
Nutritional Value of Fennel 247
Phytochemical Constituents of Fennel 248
Essential Oil of Fennel 248
Flavonoids and Phenols of Fennel 249
Pharmacological Importance of Fennel 250
Antibacterial Activity of Fennel 250
Antiviral Activity of Fennel 252
Antifungal Activity of Fennel 253
Anti-inflammation Effect of Fennel 253
Antioxidant Activity of Fennel 254
Anti-proliferative and Apoptotic Effect (In Vitro) of Fennel 254
Antitumour Activity (In Vivo) of Fennel 255
Antimetastatic Activity 256
Clinical Trials of Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) and Fennel 256
Anti-diabetes Effect of Fennel 256
Hypotensive Effect of Fennel 257
Eye Diseases and Fennel 257
Osteoporosis Prevention by Fennel 257
Anti-obesity Effect of Fennel 258
Hypolipidaemic and Anti-atherogenic Effect of Fennel 258
The Vasorelaxant Activity of Fennel 258
Anxiolytic Activity of Fennel 258
The Anti-depression Activity of Fennel 258
Fennel and Alzheimer’s Disease 259
Memory-Enhancing Activity of Fennel 259
Cosmetics and Fennel 259
Anti-hirsutism Effect of Fennel 259
The Diuretic Action of Fennel 260
The Antithrombotic Activity of Fennel 260
The Bronchodilatory Activity of Fennel 260
Premenstrual Syndrome and Fennel 260
Dysmenorrhoea and Fennel 260
Vaginal Atrophy and Fennel 261
Galactagogic Effect of Fennel 261
Infantile Colic and Fennel 261
Anti-ulcer Activity of Fennel 261
Hepato-renal Protective Effect of Fennel 261
Anthelmintic Effect of Fennel 262
Toxic Effect of Fennel on Pest 262
Mosquito Larvicidal Effect of Fennel 262
Interaction of Fennel with Drug 262
Toxicity 262
Conclusion 263
References 263
Anti-sickling Herbs 269
Introduction 269
Pathophysiology 270
Treatment 271
Acacia catechu 271
Adansonia digitata 278
Aframomum alboviolaceum 278
Alchornea cordifolia 278
Allium sativum 279
Aloe barbadensis 279
Annona senegalensis 280
Bridelia ferruginea 280
Cajanus cajan 281
Camellia sinensis 281
Carica papaya 282
Chenopodium ambrosioides 282
Cissus populnea 282
Citrus sinensis 283
Cyperus esculentus 283
Enantia chlorantha 284
Entandrophragma utile 284
Garcinia kola 287
Hymenocardia acida 287
Ipomoea involucrata 287
Justicia secunda 288
Khaya senegalensis 288
Moringa oleifera 289
Parquetina nigrescens 289
Persea americana 289
Petiveria alliacea 290
Plumbago zeylanica 290
Solenostemon monostachyus 291
Terminalia catappa 291
Tinosporia cordifolia 291
Uvaria chamae 292
Vernonia amygdalina 292
Vigna subterranea 293
Vigna unguiculata 293
Xylopia aethiopic 293
Zanthoxylum macrophylla 294
References 294
Pharmacology and Toxicology of Nepeta cataria (Catmint) Species of Genus Nepeta: A Review 298
Introduction 298
Traditional Uses 300
Phytochemistry 301
Biological Activity (Pharmacology) 301
Anti-inflammatory, Anti-nociceptive and Cytotoxic Activity 301
Antimicrobial and Antifungal Activity 302
Antioxidant Activities 303
Anthelmintic, Nematicidal, and Trypanocidal Activity 304
Effects on Central Nervous System 304
Feline Attractant 305
Insect Repellent, Attractant, and Insecticidal Activity 305
Spasmolytic and Bronchodilatory Activities 306
Safety and Toxicity 306
Acute Oral Toxicity 306
Acute Dermal Toxicity 307
Acute Inhalation Toxicity 307
Primary Skin Irritation 307
Primary Eye Irritation 307
Toxicology Study of Refined Oil of N. cataria (Biochemical Pesticide) 307
Future Prospective 308
Ethnopharmacological Prospective 308
Integrated Pest Management (Sex Pheromone Defensive Secretions) 308
Biosynthesis of Alkaloids 308
Conclusion 309
References 309
Chemistry and Pharmacology of Guggulsterone: An Active Principle of Guggul Plant 313
Introduction 314
Chemistry 314
Pharmacology 318
Hypolipidaemic 318
Thyroid-Stimulating Action 320
Cardioprotective Activity 320
Antidiabetic 320
Anti-inflammatory 321
Pancreatitis 321
Anticancer 322
Pancreatic Cancer 322
Head and Neck Cancer 322
Breast Cancer 322
Prostate Cancer 323
Lung Cancer 324
Leukaemia 324
Melanoma 324
Gallbladder Cancer 324
Oesophageal Cancer 324
Colon Cancer 325
Brain Tumours 325
Hepatoprotective Effect 325
Kidney Protection Effects 326
Gastroprotective 326
Neuroprotective Activity 326
Conclusions and Future Perspectives 326
References 327
Phytochemical and Pharmacological Approaches of Traditional Alternate Cassia occidentalis L. 332
Introduction (Vernacular Names and Profile) 332
Vernacular Names 332
Plant Profile 333
Phytochemical Extraction Protocols for Analysis and Bioactivities 335
Phytochemical Screening 339
Nutritive Values Through the Phytochemical Measures 341
Biological and Toxicological Studies of Cassia occidentalis 342
Hepatoprotective Activity 342
Hypoglycemic Activity 343
Antimalarial Activity 344
Anti-inflammatory Activity 344
Immunosuppressant Activity 344
Hypolipidemic/Anti-atherosclerogenic 345
Antipyretic Activity 345
Toxicities Associated with the Plant 345
Herbal Formulation 346
Conclusion 348
References 349
Tamarix aphylla (L.) Karst. Phytochemical and Bioactive Profile Compilations of Less Discussed but Effective Naturally Growing Saudi Plant 353
Introduction 353
Plant Profile and Availability 354
Traditional Values 355
Phytochemical Screenings and Chemistry 356
Bioactive Potential 358
Antidiabetic 358
Hypolipidemic 359
Antifungal 359
Antibacterial 359
Anti-inflammatory and Wound Healing 360
Conclusion 360
References 361
Salvadora persica L.: A Medicinal Plant with Multifaceted Role in Maintaining Oral Hygiene 363
Introduction 363
Etymology 366
Classification 366
Origin/Distribution 366
Chemical and Phytochemical Constituents 367
Economic and Health Impact of Oral Diseases 372
Multifaceted Role of S. persica in Combating Oral Pathogens 373
Potential of S. persica in Restricting the Growth of Bacteria 373
Antimycotic Activity of S. persica 374
Ability of S. persica in Diminishing Plaque 374
Clinical Trial Studies on S. persica 375
Mechanistic Details of S. persica in Maintaining Oral Hygiene 375
Diverse Effects of S. persica Apart from Oral Hygiene 376
Antioxidant Activity 376
Antidiabetic Activity 376
Anticancer Activity 376
Benzyl Isothiocyanate and Cancer Protein Targets 377
Conclusion and Future Perspectives 378
References 378
Index 382