Soil Clays

G. Jock Churchman is adjunct senior lecturer at the University of Adelaide (Australia) and adjunct associate professor at the University of South Australia. Jock Churchman’s clay interests began with a PhD in chemistry on halloysite at the University of Otago in his native New Zealand, followed by industrial ceramic research (1970–1971). He held a postdoctoral fellowship in soil science at the University of Wisconsin–Madison (1971–1973) and was employed at the New Zealand Soil Bureau (1973–89), then at CSIRO (1989–2003), the University of Adelaide (2003–2012) and the University of South Australia (2013–2014). He has also held visiting fellowships in soil science for one year at Reading University (UK) and for six months at the University of Western Australia. His research has encompassed halloysite; acid dissolution of montmorillonite; dust transport; clay mineral genesis; clay–organic complexes; the influence of clay mineralogy on soil physical properties; clays in sodic soils; the characteriation of bentonites and their industrial and environmental applications; and the philosophy of soil science. He has published nearly 150 refereed papers and coedited four books, most recently The Soil Underfoot: Infinite Possibilities for a Finite Resource (CRC Press, 2014) and Natural Mineral Nanotubes (CRC Press, 2015). He is a former editor (now emeritus) of Applied Clay Science. He has received awards from the New Zealand Society of Soil Science, Soil Science Australia, the Association Internationale pour l’Étude des Argiles (AIPEA) and the Clay Minerals Society. Bruce Velde is an emeritus researcher for the Centre Nationale de Recherche Scientifique at the Ecole Normale Supérieure in Paris. He did his PhD at Montana State University (1962) under the direction of John Hower, then he did a postdoctoral study at the Carnegie Geophysical Laboratory in Washington DC (1962–1965) after which he joined the CNRS in Paris. The initial research subjects treated were the evolution of clay minerals in sediments and sedimentary rocks, and their stability under different laboratory conditions of pressure and temperature. During the latter period, he published 237 refereed papers, authored and coauthored 8 books on clays and their chemical relations in natural situations and advised 22 PhD theses on these subjects. His books are Clays and Clay Minerals in Natural and Synthetic Systems (Springer, 1977); Introduction to Clay Minerals: Chemistry, Uses and Environmental Significance (Chapman & Hall, 1992); Archaeological Ceramic Materials: Origin and Utilization (Springer, 1999); Clay Minerals: A Physico-Chemical Explanation of Their Occurrence (Elsevier, 2000); Illite: Origins, Evolution and Metamorphism (Springer, 2004); The Origin of Clay Minerals in Soils and Weathered Rocks (Springer, 2008); Soils, Plants and Clay Minerals: Mineral and Biologic Interactions (Springer, 2009); Origin and Mineralogy of Clays: Clays and the Environment (edited) (Springer, 2013); and Geochemistry at the Earth’s Surface (2016). The evolution of his work was to understand the chemical and physical reasons for the variety and stability of clay mineral associations from depth towards the surface of the Earth. He also did work on the formation of clay-associated structures (aggregates) and surface cracking using image analysis.

Authors Chapter 1 Introduction and Definitions Chapter 2 Soil Clays: Mineralogy Chapter 3 Geology: Defining the Starting Point for Soil and Clay Formation Chapter 4 Primary Minerals and Their Alteration by Weathering Chapter 5 Driving Forces of Alteration Chapter 6 Chemistry of Alteration by Weathering Chapter 7 Formation of Clays in the Soil Zone of Alteration 7.3 Effect of Plants on Soil Clay Assemblages Chapter 8 Nature and Origin of Surface Soil Clays Chapter 9 The Importance of Climate in the Formation of Soil Clays Chapter 10 Associations of Soil Clays Chapter 11 Occurrence and Extraction of Soil Clays Chapter 12 Identification and Quantification of Clay Minerals in Soils Chapter 13 Surfaces, Surface Reactions and Particle Size Effects Chapter 14 Role of Soil Clays in Agriculture, the Environment and Society Chapter 15 Summary Bibliography, Annex: Simplified Methods for the Interpretation of X-Ray Diffraction, Diagrams of Soil Clay Assemblages, Index