Forages, Volume 2

Contributing Authors Paul Adler Montgomery W. Alison L. Niel Allen David J. Barker Vern S. Baron Giles Bélanger David P. Belesky Geoffrey E. Brink Sylvie M. Brouder E. Charles Brummer G. David Buntin Michael D. Casler Kimberly A. Cassida Debbie J. Cherney Jerome H. Cherney Wayne K. Coblentz Robert C. Cochran Michael Collins Steven W. Culman Matthew Digman Tim DelCurto Gerald W. Evers Steven L. Fales E. Scott Flynn Jamie F. Foster John A. Guretzky Richard J. Grant Mary Beth Hall Marvin H. Hall Dennis W. Hancock Keith R. Harmoney Ronald D. Hatfield John R. Hendrickson Nicholas S. Hill John A. Jennings Jacob M. Jungers Robert L. Kallenbach Kenneth Kalscheur Douglas L. Karlen Limin Kung, Jr. William O. Lamp Greg Lardy Karen L. Launchbaugh Andrew W. Lenssen Mark A. Liebig Jennifer W. MacAdam Bisoondat Macoon Neal P. Martin Robert A. Masters     Tim A. McAllister David R. Mertens Robert B.  Mitchell Corey Moffet Kenneth J. Moore Richard E. Muck James P. Muir C. Jerry Nelson Yoana C. Newman Renata Nave Oakes John F. Obrycki David Parsons Carlos G.S. Pedreira Valentín D. Picasso Risso William D. Pitman Daniel H. Putnam Daren D. Redfearn Gabriel Ribeiro Esteban F. Rios Craig A. Roberts C. Alan Rotz Michael P. Russelle Matt A. Sanderson Craig C. Sheaffer Kevin J. Shinners Byron B. Sleugh Alexander J. Smart Lynn E. Sollenberger Tim L. Springer Kim Stanford Jeffrey J. Steiner R. Mark Sulc Eric S. Vanzant João M.B. Vendramini Kenneth P. Vogel Jeffrey J. Volenec John W. Walker Yuxi Wang Zeng-Yu Wang Marcelo O. Wallau Richard Waterman David A. Wedin William P. Weiss Jessica A. Williamson    

Preface xiii

List of Contributors xv

Dedication xxi

Part I Forage Plants 1

1 Perspectives, Terminology, and Classification 3
C. Jerry Nelson, Professor Emeritus, Kenneth J. Moore, Distinguished Professor, Michael Collins, Professor Emeritus and Daren D. Redfearn, Associate Professor

2 Grass Morphology 23
C. Jerry Nelson, Professor Emeritus and Kenneth J. Moore, Distinguished Professor

3 Legume Structure and Morphology 51
John Jennings, Professor and Jamie Foster, Professor

4 Carbon Metabolism in Forage Plants 65
Jeffrey J. Volenec, Professor and C. Jerry Nelson, Professor Emeritus

5 Mineral Nutrient Acquisition and Metabolism 85
Sylvie M. Brouder, Wickersham Chair and Professor and Jeffrey J. Volenec, Professor

6 Plant-Water Relations in Forage Crops 113
Jennifer W. MacAdam, Professor and C. Jerry Nelson, Professor Emeritus

7 Growth and Development 127
Robert B. Mitchell, Research Agronomist, Daren D. Redfearn, Associate Professor and Kenneth J. Moore, Distinguished Professor

Part II Forage Ecology 149

8 Climate, Climate-Change and Forage Adaptation 151
Vern S. Baron, Research Scientist and Gilles Bélanger, Research Scientist

9 Plant Interactions 187
John A. Guretzky, Grassland Systems Ecologist

10 Plant-Herbivore Interactions 201
Lynn E. Sollenberger, Distinguished Professor and Marcelo O. Wallau, Associate Professor

11 Nutrient Cycling in Forage Production Systems 215
David A. Wedin, Professor and Michael P. Russelle, Soil Scientist (Retired)

12 Forages for Conservation and Improved Soil Quality 227
John F. Obrycki, ORISE Fellow and Douglas L. Karlen, Soil Scientist (Retired)

13 Forages and the Environment 249
Matt A. Sanderson, Research Agronomist and Research Leader (Retired) and Mark A. Liebig, Soil Scientist

Part III Forage Species 261

14 Cool-Season Legumes for Humid Areas 263
Craig C. Sheaffer, Professor, Gerald W. Evers, Professor Emeritus and Jacob M. Jungers, Associate Professor

15 Legumes for Tropical and Subtropical Areas 277
William D. Pitman, Professor and João M.B. Vendramini, Associate Professor

16 Cool-Season Grasses for Humid Areas 297
Michael D. Casler, Research Geneticist, Robert L. Kallenbach, Associate Dean and Geoffrey E. Brink, Research Agronomist

17 Grasses for Arid and Semiarid Areas 313
Daren D. Redfearn, Associate Professor, Keith R. Harmoney, Range Scientist and Alexander J. Smart, Professor and Rangeland Management Specialist

18 Warm-Season Grasses for Humid Areas 331
Lynn E. Sollenberger, Distinguished Professor, João M.B. Vendramini, Associate Professor, Carlos G.S. Pedreira, Associate Professor and Esteban F. Rios

19 Forbs and Browse Species 347
David P. Belesky, Clinical Associate & Director, John W. Walker, Professor and Resident Director, Kimberly A. Cassida, Forage Extension Specialist and James P. Muir, Professor

Part IV Forage Systems 367

20 Systems for Temperate Humid Areas 369
Jerome H. Cherney, Professor, Robert L. Kallenbach, Associate Dean and Valentín D. Picasso Risso, Assistant Professor

21 Forage Systems for the Temperate Subhumid and Semiarid Areas 387
John R. Hendrickson, Research Rangeland Management Specialist and Corey Moffet, Research Rangeland Management Specialist

22 Systems for theWarm Humid Areas 407
William D. Pitman, Professor and Montgomery W. Alison, Extension Forage Specialist

23 Systems for Humid Transition Areas 419
Renata N. Oakes, Assistant Professor and Dennis W. Hancock, Center Director

24 Forage Systems for Arid Areas 433
Daniel H. Putnam, Forage Extension Specialist and Tim DelCurto, Professor and Nancy Cameron Chair

Part V Forage Production and Management 453

25 Forage Establishment and Renovation 455
Marvin H. Hall, Professor, Yoana C. Newman, Associate Professor and Jessica A. Williamson, Assistant Professor

26 Fertilization and Nutrient Management 473
David J. Barker, Professor and Steven W. Culman, Professor

27 Irrigation andWater Management 497
L. Niel Allen, Associate Professor and Irrigation Specialist and Jennifer W. MacAdam, Professor of Plants, Soils and Climate

28 Weed Management 515
Robert A. Masters, Rangeland Scientist (Retired), Byron B. Sleugh, Forage Agronomist and E. Scott Flynn, Forage Agronomist

29 Insect Management 535
R. Mark Sulc, Professor, William O. Lamp, Professor and G. David Buntin, Professor

Part VI Forage Improvement 551

30 Forage Breeding 553
Michael D. Casler, Research Geneticist and Kenneth P. Vogel, Research Geneticist (retired)

31 Biotechnology and Molecular Approaches to Forage Improvement 567
E. Charles Brummer, Professor and Zeng-Yu Wang, Professor

32 Seed Production 581
Jeffrey J. Steiner, Associate Director and Tim L. Springer, Research Agronomist

Part VII Forage Quality 593

33 Carbohydrate and Protein Nutritional Chemistry of Forages 595
Ronald D. Hatfield, Research Plant Physiologist and Kenneth F. Kalscheur, Research Dairy Scientist

34 Digestibility and Intake 609
David R. Mertens, President and Research Dairy Scientist (Retired) and Richard J. Grant, President and Research Scientist

35 Plant Chemistry and Antiquality Components in Forage 633
Nicholas S. Hill, Professor and Craig A. Roberts, Professor

36 Laboratory Methods for Evaluating Forage Quality 659
William P. Weiss, Professor and Mary Beth Hall, Research Animal Scientist

37 Animal Methods for Evaluating Forage Quality 673
Eric S. Vanzant, Associate Professor, Robert C. Cochran, Professor and Wayne K. Coblentz, Research Dairy Scientist/Agronomist

38 Predicting Forage Quality 687
Debbie J. Cherney, Professor and David Parsons, Professor

39 Factors Affecting Forage Quality 701
Kenneth J. Moore, Charles F. Curtiss, Distinguished Professor, Andrew W. Lenssen, Professor and Steven L. Fales, Emeritus Professor

Part VIII Forage Harvesting and Utilization 719

40 Post-Harvest Physiology 721
Wayne K. Coblentz, Research Dairy Scientist/Agronomist

41 Hay Harvest and Storage 749
C. Alan Rotz, Agricultural Engineer, Kevin J. Shinners, Professor and Matthew Digman, Assistant Professor

42 Silage Production 767
Richard E. Muck, Agricultural Engineer, Limin Kung Jr., Professor and Michael Collins, Professor and Director Emeritus

43 Biomass, Energy, and Industrial Uses of Forages 789
Matt A. Sanderson, Research Agronomist and Research Leader (Retired), Paul Adler, Research Agronomist and Neal P. Martin, Director (Retired)

Part IX Pasture Management 801

44 Pasture Design and Grazing Management 803
Lynn E. Sollenberger, Distinguished Professor, Yoana C. Newman, Associate Professor and Bisoondat Macoon, Research Professor

45 Grazing Animal Nutrition 815
Gregory Lardy, Department Head and Richard Waterman, Research Animal Scientist

46 Grazing Animal Behavior 827
Karen L. Launchbaugh, Heady Professor

47 Forage-Induced Animal Disorders 839
Tim A. McAllister, Principal Research Scientist, Gabriel Ribeiro, Assistant Professor, Kim Stanford, Research Scientist and Yuxi Wang, Research Scientist

48 Grazing Systems and Strategies 861
Michael Collins, Professor and Director Emeritus, Kenneth J. Moore, Distinguished Professor, C. Jerry Nelson, Professor Emeritus and Daren D. Redfearn, Associate Professor

Common and Scientific Names of Forages 883

Glossary 893

Index 919