Wood is Good (eBook)

Dr. Krishna K. Pandey is a senior scientist at the Institute of Wood Science and Technology, Bengaluru, having more than 30 years of research experience. He was Postdoctoral Researcher, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Japan; Senior Researcher at Helsinki University of Technology, Finland. Dr. Pandey has published more than 50 papers in peer reviewed journals. He is an elected Fellow of International Academy of Wood Science and a recipient of National Award for Excellence in Forestry Research by the Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education, Government of India. Presently, he is a member of Environmental Effects Assessment Panel of UNEP.Dr. V. Ramakantha was the Director of the Institute of Wood Science and Technology, Government of India and he retired as Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, Manipur, India. He is well known in the fields of Forestry Research and Education, Wildlife Conservation and Ex-situ Conservation of flora and fauna. As a prolific writer, he is an author for two books, and has published several articles in peer reviewed journals and magazines. He was the Chairman of the Committee on National Strategy and Working Scheme for the Management of Red Sanders (Pterocarpus santalinus). Dr. Ramakantha is a Fellow of the Society for Applied Biotechnology and a Guest Faculty in several reputed institutions in India. He has received international recognition in the field of wildlife photography.Dr. Shakti S. Chauhan is a senior scientist at the Institute of Wood Science and Technology, Bengaluru with more than 20 years of research experience. He was a Ph.D. Scholar, Postdoctoral Researcher and FAO Fellow at University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand. Dr. Chauhan is recognised internationally for his work on Wood Quality Assessment and Wood Polymer Composites. He has published more than 50 papers in peer reviewed journals and co-authored two books on wood science. He is a reviewer for several international journals in the field of Wood and Material Science. He is a Member, Committee for Timber Storage, Bureau of Indian Standards. Dr. Chauhan received Appreciation Award for his contribution in the field of Wood Technology, conferred by the Honourable Governor of Karnataka.  Dr. A. N. Arun Kumar is a senior scientist of the Institute of Wood Science and Technology, Bengaluru. Having research experience of more than two decades, he has published several articles in peer reviewed international journals and has also been a reviewer for many high impact journals on forestry. Dr. Arun has carried out pioneering research work on heartwood and oil variation in the Indian Sandalwood (Santalum album), the most valued tree species of India. His extensive research on growth and wood quality variability of several commercially important tree species like Pterocarpus santalinus, Chloroxylon swietenia, Hardwickia binata, Melia dubia etc. is a significant contribution in the field of tree improvement. 

Preface 5
Contents 7
About the Editors 12
Wood Properties and Variability 14
1 Optimizing Wood Utilization Based on Whole Tree Inherent Property Maps 15
Abstract 15
Introduction 16
Where We Are Now 16
Where We Need to Be 17
How We Get There 17
Mapping Tree Properties 18
Evidence of the Value in Mapping Tree Properties 20
Wood Science App and Data Management 21
Data Sharing and Reporting 23
Landscape Wood Property Maps 25
Conclusions 28
Acknowledgements 28
References 28
2 Screening Corewood of Pine for Wood Properties 30
Abstract 30
Introduction 30
Materials and Methods 31
Results and Discussion 33
Conclusions 37
References 37
3 Imaging Spiral Grain in Pinus radiata with X-ray Microtomography 39
Abstract 39
Introduction 40
Materials and Methods 40
Serial Sectioning and Imaging Spiral Grain by Polarised Light Scanning 40
X-ray Microtomography Imaging of Spiral Grain 42
Results and Discussion 42
Imaging Stem Transverse Sections with a Flatbed Scanner 42
Numeric Analysis and Quantification of Spiral Grain Using MATLAB 42
X-ray Microtomography and Grain Angle Measurements 43
Conclusions 45
Acknowledgements 46
References 46
4 Rapid Measurement of Density of Wood in Progeny Trial of Acacia mangium Willd. Using Resistograph—A Nondestructive Method 47
Abstract 47
Introduction 48
Materials and Methods 49
Results and Discussion 49
Relationship Between Wood Density and Resistance Readings at Various Regions (from Bark to Pith) 52
Correlation Between Family Mean Resistance and Family Mean Wood Density Values 53
Relationship Between Moisture Content in Green Wood and Resistograph Readings 53
Conclusion 54
References 54
5 Eliminating Growth-Stresses in Eucalyptus: A Scoping Study with E. bosistoana and E. nitens 56
Abstract 56
Introduction 56
Material and Methodology 58
Results and Discussion 60
E. nitens Trial 60
E. bosistoana Trial 60
Conclusion 62
References 62
6 Longitudinal Growth Strains in Melia dubia 64
Abstract 64
Introduction 64
Materials and Methodology 66
Results and Discussion 67
Conclusions 70
References 70
7 Immunofluorescence Localization of ?-(1-4)-d-Galactan and Xylans in Tension Wood and Normal Wood Fibres of Leucaena leucocephala 72
Abstract 72
Introduction 73
Materials and Methods 74
Plant Materials 74
Sample Processing for LR White Embedding 74
Light Microscopy 74
Immunofluorescence Microscopy 74
Results 75
Structure of Tension Wood and Normal Wood Fibres 75
Immunofluorescence Localization of ?-(1-4)-d-Galactan (LM-5) and Xylans (LM-10 and LM-11) in Normal and Tension Wood Fibres 75
Discussion 77
Acknowledgements 78
References 79
8 Comparative Wood Anatomy of Four Artocarpus Species of North East India with Reference to Their Identification 81
Abstract 81
Introduction 82
Materials and Methods 82
Results and Discussion 83
Conclusions 88
Acknowledgements 88
References 88
9 Wood Anatomy of Some Members of Family Fagaceae from North-East India 90
Abstract 90
Introduction 91
Materials and Methods 91
Results and Discussion 92
Conclusions 97
References 97
10 Anatomical Characterisation and In Vitro Laboratory Decay Test of Different Woods Decayed by Xylaria hypoxylon 99
Abstract 99
Introduction 100
Materials and Methods 101
Results 102
Discussion 106
Conclusions 107
Acknowledgements 108
References 108
11 Growth Ring Structure and Specific Gravity Variation in Juvenile and Mature Wood of Natural-Grown Teak (Tectona grandis L.f.) 110
Abstract 110
Introduction 111
Materials and Methods 112
Sampling 112
Annual Ring Width, Latewood Proportion and Specific Gravity 112
Data Analysis 114
Results and Discussion 114
Growth Ring Structures and Specific Gravity 114
Radial Variation of Specific Gravity and Growth Ring Features 116
Correlation Between Ring Width and Specific Gravity 117
Correlation Between Latewood Content and Specific Gravity 118
Conclusion 119
Acknowledgements 119
References 120
12 Variability for Heartwood Content in Three Commercially Important Tree Species of Peninsular India—Hardwickia binata, Pterocarpus santalinus and Santalum album 121
Abstract 121
Introduction 122
Materials and Methods 124
Results 124
Discussion 126
Conclusions 128
Acknowledgements 128
References 128
13 Relations Between Growth Traits and Wood Parameters of Tectona grandis L.f. in Even-Aged Plantations in Tamil Nadu 131
Abstract 131
Introduction 131
Materials and Methods 132
Study Sites 132
Results and Discussion 133
Southern Zone 133
Western Zone 133
Relations Between Growth and Wood Parameters 134
Diameter and Wood Properties 134
Tree Height and Wood Properties 134
Age and Wood Properties 137
Conclusions 140
References 140
14 Variation in Heartwood Formation and Wood Density in Plantation-Grown Red Sanders (Pterocarpus santalinus) 142
Abstract 142
Introduction 143
Materials and Methods 143
Results and Discussion 145
Relationship Among Growth, Wood Characters and Location Factors of Plantations 153
References 154
15 Identification and Characterization of Tension Wood in Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Benth. and Acacia mangium Willd. Grown in Kerala 155
Abstract 155
Introduction 156
Materials and Methods 156
Results and Discussion 158
References 161
16 Basic Density and Fibre Morphological Characteristics of Selected Pulpwood Species of Kerala 162
Abstract 162
Introduction 162
Materials and Methods 163
Results and Discussion 164
References 167
17 Estimation of Leaf Area–Wood Density Traits Relationship in Tropical Dry Evergreen Forests of Southern Coromandel Coast, Peninsular India 169
Abstract 169
Introduction 169
Study Site 171
Materials and Methods 172
Estimation of Soil Carbon, Nitrogen and Phosphorus 172
Leaf Area 172
Wood Density 173
Data Analyses 173
Results 173
Soil Nutrition and Physiognomy 173
Leaf Area and Wood Density 179
Discussion 181
Soil Nutrition, Leaf Area and Wood Density 181
Physiognomy and Leaf Types 183
Relationship Between Leaf Area and Wood Density 183
Conclusion 184
Acknowledgements 185
References 185
18 Variations on Pulping Properties of Gmelina arborea Roxb. Grown in Different Geographical Regions of Tamil Nadu, India 188
Abstract 188
Introduction 188
Materials and Methods 189
Study Area 189
Sample Collection and Measurement 189
Statistical Analysis 190
Result and Discussion 192
Fiber Dimensions 192
Fiber-Derived Indices 193
Conclusion 194
References 195
19 Biochemical Characterization of Wood Lignin of Hevea brasiliensis 197
Abstract 197
Introduction 198
Materials and Methods 199
FTIR Spectroscopy 199
Determination of Lignin Content 200
Thioacidolysis 200
Results and Discussion 200
FTIR Analysis of Cell Wall Residue (CWR) and Klason Lignin (KL) 200
Lignin Content 203
Lignin Monomeric Composition 203
Conclusions 206
Acknowledgements 206
References 206
Wood Protection 208
20 Protection of Wood: A Global Perspective on the Future 209
Abstract 209
Introduction 209
Current State of Affairs 210
Future Concerns 212
New Approaches 213
New Opportunities 218
Conclusions 219
References 219
21 Conveyor Belt Pressure Impregnation of Wood 223
Abstract 223
Introduction 224
Heat Stability of Copper Chrome Arsenic (CCA) 225
Treatment of Pressure Steamed Round-Wood with Copper-Chrome-Arsenic Preservatives 227
Preservative Treatment Regime 227
CCA Fixation Time Using Simulated Rainfall 228
Results 228
Conveyor Belt Processing Using Micro-Wave Technology 230
Treatment of Framing Timber with Boron-Based Preservatives 231
Vapour Phase Treatment with Boron Preservatives and Chemical Modification of Wood 234
Wood Conditioning 234
Vapour Phase Treatments 235
Light Organic Solvent Treatment (LOSP) 235
Chemical Modification 236
Anti-Sap-Stain Chemical Impregnation 236
Conclusions 236
References 237
22 Natural Resistance of Imported Timbers Against Termites and Fungi in Indian Condition—A Comparison 239
Abstract 239
Introduction 239
Materials and Methods 240
Results and Discussion 241
Conclusion 243
Acknowledgements 244
References 244
23 Enhancing Photostability of Wood Coatings Using Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles 247
Abstract 247
Introduction 247
Materials and Methods 248
Wood Specimens and Other Materials 248
Surface Modification of Nanoparticles and Dispersion of Nanoparticles in Wood Coatings 249
UV–Visible Absorption Spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy 249
Evaluation of Photostability of Wood Surfaces Coated with Nanoparticle 249
Results and Discussion 250
UV–Visible Spectra 250
Scanning Electron Microscopy 250
Photostability of Wood Coated with Nanoparticles 252
Photostability of Wood Coated with Nanoparticles Dispersed in Polyurethane 253
Conclusions 254
References 255
24 Screening of Oils of Pongamia pinnata Linn., Jatropha curcas Linn. and Simarouba glauca D.C. for Developing Eco-Friendly Wood Preservatives 256
Abstract 256
Introduction 256
Materials and Methods 257
Wood Specimens 257
Preparation of Preservatives 258
Treatment for Test Specimens 258
Evaluation of Termite Resistance of Preservative-Treated Wood 259
Fungal Resistance of Treated Wood 260
Results and Discussion 260
Termite Resistance of Treated Wood 261
Conclusions 262
References 263
25 Fungal Inhibition in Wood Treated with Lantana camara L. Extract 264
Abstract 264
Introduction 265
Materials and Methods 265
Preparation of Extract and Treatment 265
Isolation and Identification of Fungus 266
Results and Discussion 268
Conclusion 270
References 270
26 Powderpost Beetle Menace in Wooden Handicraft Industries and Their Management 272
Abstract 272
Introduction 272
Materials and Methods 273
Results and Discussion 274
Wood Carving or Statue Making 277
Inlay/Relief or Patchwork 278
Wood-Turning or Toy-Making 278
Timber/Finished Product Protection Practices 279
Management of Timber Insects in the Wood Handicraft Industries 279
Preventive Measures 279
Remedial Measures 280
Acknowledgements 280
References 280
27 Effect of Thermal Modification on Physical Properties of Bambusa nutans 281
Abstract 281
Introduction 281
Materials and Methods 282
Material 282
Heat Treatment 282
Evaluation of Mass Loss 283
Colour Changes 283
Estimation of Density 283
Evaluation of Dimensional Stability 284
Results and Discussion 284
Colour Changes 284
Mass Loss 284
Density 285
Dimensional Stability 287
FTIR Spectra 287
Conclusions 288
References 289
Wood-Based Composites 290
28 Micromechanics of Cellulose Fibres and Their Composites 291
Abstract 291
Introduction 292
Materials and Methods 294
Methods 295
Single Fibre Diameter and Perimeter 295
Mechanical Testing of Fibres 296
Microbond Testing 297
Composite Manufacturing 298
Mechanical Testing of Composites 299
Results and Discussion 301
Single Fibre Properties 301
Microbond Technique 304
Mechanical Properties of Composites 306
Conclusions 311
Acknowledgements 312
References 312
29 Adhesives of Bio-origin for Wood Composites 314
Abstract 314
Introduction 315
Phenol Lignin Formaldehyde Resin (Lignin Slurry/Black Liquor) 318
Phenol Lignin Powder Formaldehyde Resin Adhesive 318
Tannin Extended Phenol Formaldehyde Resin 319
Soya-Based Phenolic Resins 320
Phenol Cardanol Formaldehyde Resin 321
Reaction of Cardanol with formaldehyde During Polymerization 321
Conclusions 321
References 322
30 Experimental and Numerical Modeling of Hemp–Polyester Composites 324
Abstract 324
Introduction 325
Experimental Studies 326
Materials 326
Preparation of Composites 326
Preparation of Specimens 328
Tensile Test 328
Finite Element Modeling 328
Results and Discussion 329
Volume Fraction of Hemp–Polyester Composites 329
Tensile Testing 330
Finite Element Modeling 331
Conclusions 332
References 332
31 Lantana Fiber-Filled Polypropylene Composite 334
Abstract 334
Introduction 334
Materials and Methodology 336
Results and Discussion 337
Effect of Bark 340
Conclusions 341
Acknowledgements 342
References 342
32 Development of Fire Retardant Wood Composite Using Amino Resin 343
Abstract 343
Introduction 344
Materials and Methods 345
Fire Retardant Chemicals 345
Composition of Fire Retardant Chemicals Used for the Study 346
Manufacture of MUF Resin 346
Manufacturing Process 347
Method Followed for Testing of Fire Retardant Particle Board 348
Results and Discussion 348
Conclusions 351
References 351
33 Study on Utilization of Plantation-Grown Timber Species Grevillea robusta (Silver Oak) for Medium-Density Fibre Board 352
Abstract 352
Introduction 352
Materials and Methods 354
Urea–Formaldehyde Resin 356
Fibre Mat Forming and Pre-pressing 358
Hot Pressing 359
Results and Discussion 359
Conclusion 362
Acknowledgements 362
References 362
34 Suitability of Mixed Species of Bamboo (Bambusa polymorpha and Bambusa tulda) for Medium-Density Particle Board 363
Abstract 363
Introduction 363
Materials and Method 364
Results and Discussion 365
Conclusions 367
References 367
Wood Utilization Pattern 368
35 A Comparative Assessment of Autoclave and Microwave-Assisted Peroxometal Complex in Delignification of Wood Biomass for Enhanced Sugar Production 369
Abstract 369
Introduction 369
Materials and Methods 371
Samples 371
Optimization of Various Ammonium Molybdate Concentrations for Pretreatment of Biomass 371
Pretreatment of Beech Wood Powder Using Microwave Irradiation and Process Optimization 371
Effect of Microwave Pretreatment Temperature, Pretreatment Time and Hydrogen Peroxide Concentrations on Beech Wood Powder 372
Pulp Saccharification 372
Results and Discussion 372
Saccharification of Beech Wood Powder Treated in the Flasks 372
Saccharification of the Autoclaved Pretreated Beech Wood Powder 373
Saccharification of the Microwave-Pretreated Beech Wood Powder 374
Comparison of Autoclave and Microwave-Assisted Pretreated Beech Powder Using Ammonium Molybdate Hydrogen Peroxide System 375
Conclusions 375
References 375
36 Yield Evaluation of Oyster Mushroom on Dust Waste of Some Common Timber Species 377
Abstract 377
Introduction 377
Materials and Methods 378
Experimental Design 379
Statistical Analysis 379
Results and Discussion 379
Conclusion 381
References 381
37 Study on Fuel Properties of Important Biomass Briquetting Feedstocks in India 382
Abstract 382
Introduction 382
Methodology 383
Result and Discussion 384
Conclusions 385
References 385
38 Study on Chemical, Elemental and Gasification Characteristics of Lantana camara Wood 387
Abstract 387
Introduction 387
Methodology 388
Result and Discussion 389
Fuel Properties of Biomass 389
Gasification Properties of L. Camara Wood 391
Conclusions 392
References 392
39 Search for Future Fuels—Pathway Points to a ‘Boring’ Process 394
Abstract 394
Introduction 395
Feedstock and Technology Available for Biofuel Production 396
Concept of a Viable Technology for Biofuel Production, Based on Cellulose-Digesting Ability of Marine Wood-Borers 399
Acknowledgements 403
References 404
40 Wood Use in India—Readying for that Elusive Renaissance? 405
Abstract 405
Introduction 406
Issues Involved and Responses Needed at Different Levels to Enable Wood Product Sector to Harness Emerging Opportunities in India 407
Research, Research Management (Research) Policy and Product Development at the (R& D) Organization Level
Technology Transfer/Extension/Market Support—Issues Requiring a Cross-Sectoral Approach 408
Policy Issues and Prescriptions—At the National Level 409
Conclusions 410
References 411
Wood and Climate Change 413
41 Wood is Good for REDD+! 414
Abstract 414
Introduction 415
HWP and Carbon Accounting for REDD and REDD+ 415
Brazil and Regulatory Framework Advances on Wood Housing 416
Voluntary Carbon Mitigation Goals and HWP 417
HWP Consumption and Trees (Forests) 418
HWP and Construction 421
Wood is Good 422
References 423
42 How Good is Wood? Facts and Myths Regarding Wood as a Green Building Material 424
Abstract 424
Introduction 425
Green Material 426
LEED and WOOD 427
Architects Dilemma 429
Concluding Remarks 429
References 430
43 Carbon Sequestration by Bamboo Farming on Marginal Land and Sustainable Use of Wood Waste for Bioenergy: Case Studies from Abellon Clean Energy 432
Abstract 432
Introduction 433
Case Study-1: Wood Waste to 120 Tons/Day Pellet Production Plant 434
Feed Stock Supply 434
Pellet Production 434
Pellet Quality Analysis 434
Product Application 436
Product Benefits 436
Discussion on Case Study-1 440
Case Study-2: Bamboo as Bioenergy Feedstock: Large-Scale 120 Acre Bamboo Plantation and Agroforestry Model 442
Bamboo Farming 443
Bamboo Harvesting and Processing 443
Incense Stick from Bamboo 443
Bamboo as an Energy Feedstock 444
Potential of Bamboo Farming/Social Forestry and Bamboo-Based Products 445
Discussion on Case Study-2 445
Conclusions 446
Acknowledgement 446
References 446
44 Use Wood—Combat Climate Change 449
Abstract 449
An Alternate Thinking is now Necessary 454
References 458
Author Index 459