Seaweed Sustainability (eBook)

Food and Non-Food Applications

eBook Download: PDF | EPUB

2015 | 1. Auflage
472 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-0-12-419958-3 (ISBN)

Seaweed Sustainability: Food and Non-Food Applications is the only evidence-based resource that offers an abundance of information on the applications of seaweed as a solution to meet an increasing global demand for sustainable food source. The book uncovers seaweed potential and describes the various sources of seaweed, the role of seaweeds as a sustainable source for human food and animal feeds, and the role of seaweed farming for sustainability. In addition to harvesting and processing information, the book discusses the benefits of seaweed in human nutrition and its nutraceutical properties. - Offers different perspectives by presenting examples of commercial utilization of wild-harvested or cultivated algae, marine and freshwater seaweeds - Discusses seasonal and cultivar variations in seaweeds for a better understanding of their implications in commercial applications - Includes a wide range of micro and macro algae for food and feed production and provides perspectives on seaweed as a potential energy source

Seaweed Sustainability: Food and Non-Food Applications is the only evidence-based resource that offers an abundance of information on the applications of seaweed as a solution to meet an increasing global demand for sustainable food source. The book uncovers seaweed potential and describes the various sources of seaweed, the role of seaweeds as a sustainable source for human food and animal feeds, and the role of seaweed farming for sustainability. In addition to harvesting and processing information, the book discusses the benefits of seaweed in human nutrition and its nutraceutical properties. - Offers different perspectives by presenting examples of commercial utilization of wild-harvested or cultivated algae, marine and freshwater seaweeds- Discusses seasonal and cultivar variations in seaweeds for a better understanding of their implications in commercial applications- Includes a wide range of micro and macro algae for food and feed production and provides perspectives on seaweed as a potential energy source

Chapter 2

World seaweed utilization

William Lindsey White

Peter Wilson Institute of Applied Ecology, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand

Abstract

Worldwide, some 291 species of seaweeds are used by humans, mainly for food and hydrocolloid production (e.g., alginates, agar, and carrageenan) and also for medicines, paper, fertilizer, and animal feed. In 2012 close to 21 million t wet weight of seaweeds were used, with just over 20 million t of that cultured as opposed to wild harvest. Production is dominated by Indonesia, China, and the Philippines. Indonesia produces 5.7 million t of Eucheuma. China produces large amounts of Laminaria (4.8 million t), Gracilaria (1.9 million t), Undaria (1.7 million t), and Porphyra (1.1 million t). In the Philippines, Eucheuma dominates with 1.7 million t produced. These five seaweeds made up 96.7% of the total seaweed harvest in 2012.

Keywords

aquaculture

Eucheuma

Gracilaria

harvesting

Laminaria

Porphyra

seaweeds

Undaria

1. Introduction

In 1999 one of us (WLW) published a summary of world seaweed utilization (Zemke-White and Ohno, 1999). At the time, reliable data on seaweed harvesting and farming were difficult to come by, and so the data were extracted from the book Seaweeds of the World, edited by Alan Critchley and Masao Ohno. This resource was updated in 2006 and produced as a CD-ROM entitled World Seaweed Resources (Critchley et al., 2006). Since this time, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) has compiled and made freely available a dataset of all reported fisheries and aquaculture landings from 1952 to the present (the latest data are currently from 2012). While it is likely that these data are somewhat under-reporting the landings of various species, it is the most current and accurate dataset available.

To provide an update on Zemke-White and Ohno (1999), we obtained the reported seaweed production weights from the FAO (2014) dataset. The detail of the reported seaweed classification ranged from phylum/family level right down to individual species. When the seaweed was not reported to the species level, we used Critchley et al. (2006) to elucidate genera or species where possible. This resource was the primary source of information on economic seaweed species. We further supplemented country-specific seaweed species from the relevant literature that was found by Google Scholar using the following search terms: seaweed, aquaculture, production, and country. The literature used for each country is listed in Table 2.1.

Table 2.1

Sources of Information on Country-Specific Seaweed Information

Country (or Region)

References

Madagascar

Mollion (2006a)

Morocco

Givernaud and Mouradi (2006)

Namibia

Molloy (2006)

Senegal

Mollion (2006b)

South Africa

Amosu et al. (2013); Anderson et al. (2006)

Tanzania

Jiddawi and Mshigeni (2006)

Bangladesh

Nurul Islam (2006)

China

Wu and Pang (2006)

Russia

Selivanova et al. (2006)

India

Reddy et al. (2006)

Indonesia

Gerung (2006); Istini et al. (2006)

Japan

Ohno and Largo (2006)

Korea

Sohn (2006)

Malaysia

Phang (2006)

Myanmar

Soe-Htun (2006)

Philippines

Trono and Montaño (2006); Zemke-White (2002)

Thailand

Lewmanomont (2006)

Vietnam

Nang (2006)

Brazil

Oliveira (2006); Pellizzari and Reis (2011)

France

Kaas (2006)

Ireland

Kraan and Guiry (2006)

Italy

Cecere (2006)

Norway

Jensen and Myklestad (2006)

Portugal

Sousa-Pinto and Araújo (2006)

Spain

Sosa et al. (2006)

Israel

Lipkin and Friedlander (2006)

Argentina

de Zaixsoa et al. (2006)

Caribbean

Smith and Rincones (2006)

Chile

Alveal (2006)

Mexico

Robledo (2006)

Peru	Acleto (2006)

Canada

Chopin and Ugarte (2006); Lindstrom (2006)

United States of America

Merrill and Waaland (2006)

Australia

McHugh and King (2006)

New Zealand

Zemke-White et al. (2005); Brown and Zemke-White (2006)

South Pacific Islands

South and Pickering (2006)

A direct comparison between Zemke-White and Ohno (1999) and these current data is difficult as the former reported dry weight landings, while the FAO report used wet weight. However, using a dry:wet weight conversion, some comparisons are possible. Certainly the actual species that are utilized and their source countries can be compared for changes over the past 10–15 years.

As mentioned earlier, the way data are reported in the FAO dataset means that it is not always possible to determine the species being reported. Sometimes only the higher level grouping of Chlorophyte, Phaeophyte, or Rhodophyte (for green, brown, and red seaweeds, respectively) was reported. There are also issues with particular species groupings. For example, various species of the genera Eucheuma and Kappaphycus are farmed extensively and almost all for the production of carrageenan. To avoid confusion we have referred to all of these as Eucheuma. Likewise all species of Undaria are grouped under that genus. Renaming of species and/or genera can also be confusing. In 2006 the genus Laminaria was split and 18 of its species were put into the resurrected genus of Saccharina (Lane et al., 2006), including Saccharina japonica, one of the most cultured seaweeds. As the FAO and others still use the old genus for reporting landings, we have grouped Saccharina with the Laminaria genus for Table 2.3 and Figure 2.2. For the remainder of this chapter, all data are reported in wet weight of seaweeds unless otherwise stated.

2. Which species and where from?

In total at least 291 species are used worldwide from 43 countries (Table 2.2). This is an increase of 50 species since 1995 and comprises 33 chlorophytes (up from 32 in 1995), 75 phaeophytes (up from 64 in 1995), and 163 rhodophytes (up from 125 in 1995).

Table 2.2

Seaweed Species Used Worldwide

Taxa

Use

Country

Chlorophyta

Acetabularia major

Philippines

Capsosiphon fulvescens

Korea

Caulerpa bartlettii

Philippines

Caulerpa intricatum

Philippines

Caulerpa lentillifera

F, M

Philippines

Caulerpa peltata

F, M

Philippines

Caulerpa racemosa

Bangladesh, Fiji, Philippines, Vietnam

Caulerpa sertularioides

F, M

Bangladesh, Philippines

Caulerpa spp.

Malaysia

Caulerpa taxifolia

F, M

Philippines

Cladophora...

Erscheint lt. Verlag	27.8.2015
Sprache	englisch
Themenwelt	Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Limnologie / Meeresbiologie
	Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Mikrobiologie / Immunologie
	Technik ► Lebensmitteltechnologie
	Weitere Fachgebiete ► Land- / Forstwirtschaft / Fischerei
ISBN-10	0-12-419958-5 / 0124199585
ISBN-13	978-0-12-419958-3 / 9780124199583

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Buch | Hardcover (2015)

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