Aquaculture

John S. Lucas, Adjunct Professor in School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.

Paul C. Southgate, Professor in Tropical Aquaculture, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Queensland, Australia

Craig S. Tucker, Research Leader, Warmwater Aquaculture Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Stoneville, Mississippi, USA

Preface to the Third Edition


Acknowledgements


Preface to the Second Edition


Preface to the First Edition


List of Contributors


1 Introduction
John Lucas


1.1 What is and what isn t aquaculture?


1.2 The origins of aquaculture and agriculture


1.3 Aquaculture and capture fisheries production


1.4 The efficiency of aquaculture for food production


1.5 Has there been a Blue Revolution ?


1.6 China


1.7 Issues for developed countries


1.8 An allegory


1.9 Diversity of aquaculture


1.10 Fishery stock enhancement and restoration


1.11 Summary


2 Principles of Aquaculture
Paul C. Southgate and John S. Lucas


2.1 Introduction


2.2 Intensity of aquaculture


2.3 Polyculture


2.4 Integrated agri-aquaculture systems


2.5 Static, open, semi-closed and recirculating (closed) systems


2.6 Selecting a new species for farming


2.7 Developing a new farm or a new farmed species


2.8 Case studies


2.9 Summary


3 Aquaculture Systems Design
Igor Pirozzi, Paul C. Southgate and John S. Lucas


3.1 Introduction


3.2 Site selection and development


3.3 Aquaculture systems


3.4 Pumps and Plumbing


3.5 Hatchery Systems


3.6 Summary


4 Water Quality
Claude E. Boyd and Craig S. Tucker


4.1 Introduction


4.2 Water Quality Variables


4.3 Effects of Water Quality on Aquatic Animals


4.4 Water Quality Management


4.5 Effluents


4.6 Summary


5 Resource Use and the Environment
Claude E. Boyd, Aaron A. McNevin, Craig S. Tucker


5.1 Introduction


5.2 An Overview of Resource Use and Environmental Issues


5.3 Land Use


5.4 Water Use


5.5 Energy Use


5.6 Feed-Fish Use


5.7 Chemicals


5.8 Water Pollution


5.9 Best Management Practices


5.10 Environmental Advocacy


5.11 Summary


6 Reproduction, Life Cycles and Growth
John S. Lucas and Paul C. Southgate


6.1 Introduction


6.2 Reproductive physiology


6.3 Life cycles


6.4 Growth


6.5 Summary


7 Genetics
Rex Dunham


7.1 Introduction


7.2 Basic genetics


7.3 Epigenetics


7.4 Domestication and strain evaluation


7.5 Selection


7.6 Inbreeding and maintenance of genetic quality


7.7 Crossbreeding and hybridization


7.8 Chromosomal techniques


7.9 Xenogenesis


7.10 Genetic engineering


7.11 Gene editing


7.12 Combining genetic enhancement programs


7.13 Genotype-environment interactions


7.14 Future developments


7.15 Summary


References


8 Nutrition and Feeds
Lou D Abramo


8.1 Introduction


8.2 Energy consumption and partitioning (bioenergetics)


8.3 The relationship between growth and food consumption


8.4 Requirements and metabolic functions of nutrients


8.5 Digestion and assimilation of food


8.6 Formulation, manufacture and digestibility of feeds


8.7 Nutrition management strategies


8.8 Feed management


8.9 Emerging research areas


8.10 Summary


9 Hatchery and Larval Foods
Paul C. Southgate


9.1 Introduction


9.2 Foods for hatchery culture systems


9.3 Microalgae


9.4 Zooplankton


9.5 Feeding strategy for larval culture


9.6 Compound hatchery feeds


9.7 Development of artificial diets for fish larvae


9.8 Harvesting natural plankton


9.9 Pond fertilisation as a food source for aquaculture


9.10 Summary


10 Disease Principles
Leigh Owens


10.1 Introduction to disease


10.2 General principles of infectious diseases in aquaculture


10.3 The philosophy of disease control


10.4 Generalised disease management techniques


10.5 Major diseases


10.6 Summary


11 Pathogens and Parasites
Kate S Hutson and Kenneth D Cain


11.1 Introductions


11.2 Viruses


11.3 Bacteria


11.4 Fungi


11.5 Protozoans


11.6 Myxozoans


11.7 Platyhelminths


11.8 Nematodes


11.9 Acanthocephalans


11.10 Leeches


11.11 Crustaceans


11.12 Fish-borne zoonotic agents and aquaculture


11.13 Aquaponics


11.14 Summary


12 Prevention of disease by vaccination
Andrew Barnes


12.1. Introduction


12.2. A beginner s guide to fish immunology


12.3. Vaccinating fish


12.4. Types of vaccine


12.5. Routes of delivery


12.6. Adjuvants


12.7. Vaccination in practice


12.8. Research and development track for commercial fish vaccines


12.9. Future trends: vaccination in the age of genomics


12.10. Conclusions


12.11. Summary


13 Post-harvest Technology and Processing
Allan Bremner


13.1 Introduction


13.2 Basic characteristics


13.3 Safety and health


13.4 Nutritional aspects


13.5 The balance between safely and nutrition


13.6 Aquaculture and fisheries products


13.7 Harvesting


13.8 Live transport


13.9 Muscle structure: rigor and texture


13.10 Stunning and post-mortem processing


13.11 Effects of feed on the product


13.12 Specialised niche market products


13.13 Flavours and taints


13.14 Texture


13.15 Concepts: quality, freshness, shelf-life and quality index


13.16 Microbiology, specific spoilage organisms (SSO) and other spoilage processed


13.17 Freezing and frozen storage


13.18 Packaging


13.19 Quality control, quality assuarance, HACCP and risk assessment


13.20 Traceability, identification and origin


13.21 Canning


13.22 Smoking


13.23 Summary


14 Economics
Clem Tisdell


14.1 Introduction


14.2 Profitability from a business viewpoint (farm models)


14.3 Markets and marketing


14.4 Economies of scale and similar factors


14.5 Allowing for and coping with business risk and uncertainty


14.6 Economic assessment from a social standpoint


14.7 Summary


15 Seaweed and Microalgae Seaweed
Nicholas A. Paul


Micro-algae
Michael Borowitzka


15.1 General introductions


15.2 Seaweeds


15.3 Micro-algae


15.4 Summary


16 Carps
Sena De Silva and Qidong Wang


16.1 Introduction


16.2 Biology of the Important Carps in Aquaculture


16.3 Artificial Propagation


16.4 Nutrition


16.5 Culture Practices


16.6 Diseases


16.7 Genetic Improvement


16.8 Culture-Based Fisheries


16.9 Conclusions


16.10 Summary


17 Salmonids
John Purser


17.1 Introduction


17.2 Biology


17.3 Freshwater farming


17.4 Marine farming


17.5 Feeds


17.6 Grading and stocking densities


17.7 Maturation, sex-reversal and triploidy


17.8 Fish health


17.9 Harvesting and products


17.10 Environmental issues


17.11 Summary


18 Tilapias
Victor Suresh and Ram Bhujel


18.1 Introduction


18.2 Family, Species and Genetic Variation


16.3 Ecology and Distribution


18.4 Sex Determination and Reproduction


18.5 Control of Reproduction


18.6 Seed Production


18.7 Nutrition, Feeds and Feeding


18.8 Grow-Out Systems


18.9 Disease Management


18.10 Harvest, Processing and Marketing


18.11 Summary


19 Catfishes
Craig S. Tucker, Aaron McNevin, Les Torrans and Brian Bosworth


19.1 Introduction


19.2 Pangasiid Catfishes


19.3 Ictalurid Catfishes


19.4 Clariid Catfishes


19.5 Summary


20 Marine Finfish Aquaculture
Wade O. Watanabe, Md Shah Alam, Patrick M. Carroll1, Harry V. Daniels and Jeffrey M. Hinshaw


20.1 Introduction


20.2 Importance of Marine Fish Aquaculture


20.3 Hatcheries


20.4 Growout Systems


20.5 Nutrition and Feeds


20.6 Marine Fish in Aquaculture


20.7 Milkfish


20.8 European Seabass


20.9 Gilthead Sea Bream


20.10 Yellowtail Amberjack


20.11 Red Sea Bream


20.12 Cobia


20.13 Flatfish


20.14 Sturgeon


20.15 Summary


21 Soft-shelled Turtles
Qingjun Shao and John S. Lucas


21.1 Introduction


21.2 Biology


21.3 Aquaculture development


21.4 Culture facilities


21.5 Culture stages


21.6 Water quality


21.7 Nutrition, feeding and feed formulation


21.8 Infectious diseases


21.9 Harvesting and processing


21.10 The future of soft-shelled turtle farming


21.11 Summary


22 Marine Shrimp
Darryl Jory


22.1 Introduction


22.2 Cultured species


22.3 Grow-out systems


22.4 Preparation of ponds


22.5 Reproduction and maturation


22.6 Hatchery design and larval culture


22.7 Seedstock quality and stocking


22.8 Production management and harvest


22.9 Nutrition, formulated diets and feed management


22.10 Emerging production technologies and issues


22.11 Responsible shrimp farming and the challenge of sustainability


22.12 Summary


23 Freshwater decapod crustaceans
Chaoshu Zeng, John S. Lucas and Paul C. Southgate


23.1 Introduction


23.2 Farmed species


23.3 Chinese mitten crabs


23.4 Freshwater crayfish


23.5 Freshwater prawns


23.6 Summary


24 Bivalve molluscs
John S. Lucas


24.1 Introduction


24.2 Aspects of biology


24.3 Farmed bivalves


24.4 Phases of bivalve aquaculture


24.5 Farming problems


24.6 Introductions and other environmental issues


24.7 Industry reviews


24.8 The future of bivalve aquaculture


24.9 Summary


25 Abalone
Peter Cook


25.1 Introduction


25.2 Biology


25.3 Culture techniques


25.4 Postlarvae and juveniles


25.5 Grow-out systems


25.6 Diseases and parasites


25.7 The world abalone market


25.8 Summary


26 Aquaculture in the aquarium industry
Thane A. Militz


26.1 Introduction


26.2 The aquarium industry


26.3 The need for aquaculture in the aquarium industry


26.4 Aquaculture of tropical freshwater organisms


26.5 Aquaculture of tropical marine organisms


26.6 Sustainable development


26.7 The future of the aquarium industry


26.8 Summary


27 The Future of Aquaculture
John Hargreaves, Randall Brummett and Craig S. Tucker


27.1 Introduction


27.2 Drivers of Future Demand and Supply


27.3 Responding to the Challenges of the Future


27.4 Summary