Feeding Ecology of Fish (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Feeding Ecology of Fish 4
Copyright page 5
Table of Contents 8
Preface 22
Acknowledgments 26
Part I: Concepts Contributing to the Feeding Ecology of Fish 28
Chapter 1. Trophic Levels and Optimal Foraging Theory 30
Introduction 30
Sketch of Lindeman's Trophic Levels 31
Foraging Theory 34
Summary 39
Literature Cited 40
Chapter 2. Mouth and Sense Organs 42
Introduction 42
Suction Feeding 43
Vision 48
Chemoreception 51
Summary 63
Literature Cited 65
Chapter 3. Feeding Variability 68
Introduction 68
Trophic Adaptability 69
Guilds 71
Generalists, Specialists, and Opportunists 75
Summary 78
Literature Cited 79
PART II: Plant Eaters and Detritus Feeders: Trophic Level II 82
Chapter 4. Plant-Eating Fish 84
Introduction 84
Fish as Herbivores 85
Physical and Chemical Processing of Ingested Plants 91
Status of Cellulose Digestion 95
Marine Algal Turf 97
Chemical Feeding Deterrents of Marine Algae 103
Fish That Eat Fruits, Seeds, Flowers, and Leaves 107
Summary 109
Literature Cited 111
Chapter 5. Detritus Feeders 116
Introduction 116
The Role of Fish in the Detritus Food Web 116
Precautions about Identifying Detritivory 118
Occurrence of Detritus-Feeding Fish 119
Detritus as a Source of Food 120
Feeding Strategies 124
Food Habits of a Few Detritivores 127
Alimentary Canal 130
Assimilation 131
Summary 132
Literature Cited 133
PART III: Plankton Predators: Trophic Level III 136
Chapter 6. Particulate Feeding 138
Introduction 138
Vision in Particulate Feeding 139
Size-Biased Feeding 144
Models of Size-Biased Feeding 151
Summary 161
Literature Cited 162
Chapter 7. Larval Feeding 166
Introduction 166
Description of the Larval Period 166
Food Habits 169
Larval Feeding Behavior 171
Foraging Tactics 173
Starvation 178
Food Requirement for Survival 183
Impact of Larval Feeding on the Zooplankton Community 190
Summary 192
Literature Cited 194
Chapter 8. Filter Feeding 198
Introduction 198
Filter Feeding Strategies 199
Shifts in Filter Feeding Strategies 202
Filterers That Use Mucous Entrapment 205
Mechanical Sieve Model 208
Gill Rakers 212
Challenges to Some Ideas about Gill Rakers 216
Filtering Area, Rates, and Efficiency 218
Summary 223
Literature Cited 225
PART IV: Benthic Predators: Trophic Level III 228
Chapter 9. Feeding Strategies of Benthic Fish Predators and Their Evolution 230
Introduction 230
Marine Benthic Coral Reef Feeders 231
Freshwater Benthic Feeders of the Great Lakes of Africa 237
Evolutionary Ecology of the Rock-Dwelling Cichlidae of the Great Lakes of East Africa 240
Summary 247
Literature Cited 248
Chapter 10. Feeding Territory 250
Introduction 250
Territories of Reef Fish 251
Territories of Trout and Salmon in Small Cold-Water Streams 258
Summary 264
Literature Cited 265
Chapter 11. Impact of Fish Predation on the Benthic Community 270
Introduction 270
Historical Background 271
Small Cold-Water Trout Streams 273
Differential Impact of Predation on Invertebrate Groups 276
Summary 284
Literature Cited 286
PART V. Swimming Predators: Trophic Level IV 290
Chapter 12. Fish That Eat Other Fish and Some Unusual Sources of Food 292
Introduction 292
Feeding Strategies 293
Unusual Sources of Food 304
Summary 317
Literature Cited 318
PART VI. General Ecological Topics 324
Chapter 13. Food Partitioning and Diet Switches 326
Introduction 326
Food Partitioning 327
Diet Switching 334
Summary 341
Literature Cited 342
Chapter 14. Niche Shift and Predator Risk 344
Introduction 344
Niche Shift 345
Predation Risk Leading to Niche Shift 352
Other Effects of Predator Risk 354
Summary 359
Literature Cited 360
Chapter 15. Models for Measuring Food Consumption 364
Introduction 364
Development of the Subject 365
Evacuation Models 365
Bioenergetics Model 376
Four Shortcuts to Estimating Food Consumption 384
Summary 385
Literature Cited 386
Chapter 16. The Trophic Cascade 390
Introduction 390
Trophic Cascade Models 391
Background for Trophic Level Interaction Experiments 394
Experimental Demonstration of the Trophic Cascade 395
Unexpected Responses 398
Other Unanticipated Events 399
Major Impediments to Cascade Studies 399
Summary 399
Literature Cited 400
Chapter 17. Some General Reactions and Research of the Future 402
Introduction 402
Some General Reactions 402
A Point of View 407
A Brief Look at Future Research 408
Summary 411
Literature Cited 412
Glossary 414
Index 426