Trace Elements in Human and Animal Nutrition (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Trace Elements in Human and Animal Nutrition 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 6
Contributors 10
Preface 12
Chapter 1. Introduction 14
I. THE NATURE OF TRACE ELEMENTS 14
II. DISCOVERY OF TRACE ELEMENTS 18
III. MODE OF ACTION OF TRACE ELEMENTS 22
IV. TRACE ELEMENT NEEDS AND TOLERANCES 24
V. TRACE ELEMENT DEFICIENCIES 27
REFERENCES 30
Chapter 2. Methods of Trace Element Research 34
I. NATURE'S EXPERIMENTS 34
II. EARLY ATTEMPTS USING PURIFIED DIETS TO STUDY TRACE ELEMENTS 36
III. SCIENTIFIC ERA: DEVELOPMENT OF ADEQUATE PURIFIED DIETS 37
IV. THE "NEW" TRACE ELEMENTS 39
V. ADVANCES IN ANALYTICAL METHODOLOGY 39
VI. FACTORS TO CONSIDER IN THE DESIGN OF HUMAN STUDIES 53
VII. SUGGESTED FUTURE RESEARCH 62
REFERENCES 64
Chapter 3. Quality Assurance for Trace Element Analysis 70
I. INTRODUCTION 70
II. ACCURACY-BASED MEASUREMENT 72
III. SAMPLING 75
IV. GENERATING VALID ANALYTICAL DATA 77
V. DEVELOPMENT OF ANALYTICAL METHODOLOGY 77
VI. VALIDATION OF ANALYTICAL METHODOLOGY 85
VII. QUALITY CONTROL OF ANALYTICAL METHODOLOGY 87
VIII. DATA HANDLING AND EVALUATION 87
IX. CONCLUSION 89
REFERENCES 90
Chapter 4. Iron 92
I. IRON IN ANIMAL TISSUES AND FLUIDS 92
II. IRON METABOLISM 104
III. IRON DEFICIENCY 121
IV. IRON REQUIREMENTS 129
V. SOURCES OF IRON 132
VI. IRON TOXICITY 138
REFERENCES 139
Chapter 5. Cobalt 156
I. COBALT AS AN ESSENTIAL TRACE ELEMENT 156
II. COBALT IN ANIMAL TISSUES AND FLUIDS 161
III. COBALT METABOLISM 163
IV. COBALT IN RUMINANT NUTRITION 165
V. COBALT IN THE NUTRITION OF HUMANS AND OTHER NONRUMINANTS 185
VI. COBALT TOXICITY 187
VII. MODE OF ACTION OF COBALT IN VITAMIN B12 188
REFERENCES 189
Chapter 6. Manganese 198
I. MANGANESE IN ANIMAL TISSUES AND FLUIDS 198
II. MANGANESE METABOLISM 204
III. BIOCHEMISTRY OF MANGANESE 208
IV. MANGANESE DEFICIENCY AND RELATION TO BIOCHEMICAL FUNCTION 210
V. MANGANESE REQUIREMENTS 220
VI. SOURCES OF MANGANESE 224
VII. MANGANESE TOXICITY 226
REFERENCES 228
Chapter 7. Chromium 238
I. CHROMIUM IN ANIMAL TISSUES AND FLUIDS 238
II. CHROMIUM METABOLISM 242
III. CHROMIUM DEFICIENCY AND FUNCTIONS 245
IV. CHROMIUM SOURCES AND REQUIREMENTS 251
V. CHROMIUM TOXICITY 253
REFERENCES 253
Chapter 8. Nickel 258
I. NICKEL IN ANIMAL TISSUES AND FLUIDS 258
II. NICKEL METABOLISM 261
III. NICKEL DEFICIENCY AND FUNCTIONS 264
IV. NICKEL REQUIREMENTS AND SOURCES 272
V. NICKEL TOXICITY 275
REFERENCES 279
Chapter 9. Vanadium 288
I. VANADIUM IN ANIMAL TISSUES AND FLUIDS 288
II. VANADIUM METABOLISM 290
III. VANADIUM DEFICIENCY AND FUNCTIONS 292
IV. VANADIUM REQUIREMENTS AND SOURCES 304
V. VANADIUM TOXICITY 305
REFERENCES 307
Chapter 10. Copper 314
I. COPPER IN ANIMAL TISSUES AND FLUIDS 314
II. COPPER METABOLISM 333
III. COPPER DEFICIENCY AND FUNCTIONS 339
IV. COPPER REQUIREMENT 350
V. COPPER IN HUMAN HEALTH AND NUTRITION 355
VI. COPPER TOXICITY 360
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 363
REFERENCES 363
Chapter 11. Fluorine 378
I. FLUORIDE TOXICITY IN HUMANS 378
II. FLUORIDE TOXICOSIS IN CATTLE 400
III. STUDIES ON EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS 408
IV. FLUORIDE METABOLISM 411
V. FLUORIDE AND DENTAL CARIES 415
VI. NATURAL DISTRIBUTION OF FLUORIDES 418
REFERENCES 420
Chapter 12. Mercury 430
I. INTRODUCTION 430
II. MERCURY IN ANIMAL TISSUES AND FLUIDS 430
III. MERCURY METABOLISM 433
IV. SOURCES OF MERCURY 435
V. MERCURY TOXICITY 437
REFERENCES 439
Chapter 13. Molybdenum 442
I. MOLYBDENUM IN ANIMAL TISSUES 442
II. MOLYBDENUM IN FOODS AND FEEDS 448
III. MOLYBDENUM METABOLISM 450
IV. FUNCTIONS OF MOLYBDENUM AND EFFECTS OF DEFICIENCY 452
V. RESPONSES TO ELEVATED INTAKES OF MOLYBDENUM 457
REFERENCES 470
Index 478