Effects of Poisonous Plants on Livestock (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Effects of Poisonous Plants on Livestock 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 6
List of Participants 10
Preface 16
Acknowledgments 18
PART I: INTRODUCTORY REMARKS 20
CHAPTER 1. 
22 
I. OVERVIEW 22
II. REFERENCES 24
CHAPTER 2. 
26 
I. OVERVIEW 26
II. REFERENCES 28
PART II: GENERAL TOPICS 30
CHAPTER 3. 
32 
I. ABSTRACT 32
II. INTRODUCTION 32
III. KINDS OF LIVESTOCK OPERATIONS IN THE WEST 33
IV. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF WESTERN RANGELANDS 33
V. IMPACT OF POISONOUS PLANTS ON RANGE LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT 34
VI. POISONOUS PLANTS: CONFUSION AND FRUSTRATION 37
VII. INFORMATION NEEDED ON POISONOUS PLANTS AS RELATED TO RANGE LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION 38
VIII. REFERENCES 40
CHAPTER 4. 
42 
I. ABSTRACT 42
II. INTRODUCTION 42
III. MANAGEMENT PROBLEMS 43
IV. MANAGEMENT PRACTICES 44
V. REFERENCES 52
CHAPTER 5. 
54 
I. ABSTRACT 54
II. INTRODUCTION 54
III. POISONOUS PLANTS 55
IV. DIAGNOSTIC FACTORS 56
V. LEAD TOXICOSIS 56
VI. FLUORIDE TOXICOSIS 58
VII. MOLYBDENUM TOXICOSIS 59
VIII. COMBINED CAUSES 60
IX. GEOTHERMAL WATERS 61
X. DISCUSSION 61
XI. CONCLUSIONS 63
XII. REFERENCES 63
CHAPTER 6. 
66 
I. ABSTRACT 66
II. GRAZING PRACTICES 66
III. MANAGEMENT PRACTICES 73
IV. CONCLUSION 74
V. REFERENCES 74
CHAPTER 7. 
76 
I. ABSTRACT 76
II. INTRODUCTION 76
III. THE IMPORTANCE OF PHYTOTOXIC RESEARCH 77
IV. THE INSTITUTIONS OF PHYTOTOXIC RESEARCH 78
V. CHOOSING RESEARCH TOPICS 79
VI. MAJOR RESEARCH OBJECTIVES 81
VII. SOME MODERN AIDS TO RESEARCH 81
VIII. FURTHER WORK ON OLD IDEAS 83
IX. CONCLUSION 84
X. REFERENCES 85
CHAPTER 8. 
86 
I. ABSTRACT 86
II. INTRODUCTION 86
III. GENERAL ETIOLOGICAL SYNDROMES 91
IV. PLANTS MOST COMMONLY INGESTED 94
V. EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF SELECTED FLORAL PLANTS 95
VI. NEEDS FOR BETTER EVALUATION OF HUMAN HAZARD FROM PLANTS 98
VII. REFERENCES 99
CHAPTER 9. 
100 
I. ABSTRACT 100
II. INTRODUCTION 100
III. SECONDARY COMPOUNDS 101
IV. ROLES OF SECONDARY COMPOUNDS 102
V. POISONOUS PLANTS AND LARGER VERTEBRATES 105
VI. CONCLUSIONS 108
VII. REFERENCES 109
CHAPTER 10. 
112 
I. ABSTRACT 112
II. INTRODUCTION 112
III. FAMILIES 112
IV. GENERA 116
VI. REFERENCES 119
CHAPTER 11. 
120 
I. ABSTRACT 120
II. INTRODUCTION 120
III. NITROGEN COMPOUNDS 121
IV. ACIDS 125
V. HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS 126
VI. TOXIC SULFUR COMPOUNDS 129
VII. SELENIUM 129
VIII. THIAMINASE 130
IX. MYCOTOXINS 131
X. CONCLUSIONS 132
XI. REFERENCES 132
PART III: SIMPLE PHYTOTOXINS 138
CHAPTER 12. 
140 
I. ABSTRACT 140
II, INTRODUCTION 140
III. SELENIFEROUS SOILS 141
IV. SELENIUM IN PLANTS 142
V. CHRONIC SELENOSIS 143
VI. ACUTE SELENOSIS 149
VII. OTHER TYPES OF SELENOSIS 149
VIII. REFERENCES 150
CHAPTER 13. 
154 
I. ABSTRACT 154
II. INTRODUCTION 154
III. SELENIUM-CONTAINING PLANTS 155
IV. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN 155
V. RESULTS 155
VI. DISCUSSION 156
VII. SUMMARY 157
VIII. REFERENCES 157
CHAPTER 14. 
158 
I. ABSTRACT 158
II. INTRODUCTION 158
III. COMPARATIVE ANIMAL RESPONSE TO OXALATE POISONING 159
IV. SIGNS OF POISONING AND ASSOCIATED PATHOLOGICAL CHANGES 160
V. OXALATE METABOLISM 161
VI. OXALATE INTOXICATION 162
VII. CONCLUSIONS 163
VIII. REFERENCES 163
CHAPTER 15. 
166 
I. ABSTRACT 166
II. INTRODUCTION 166
III. OCCURRENCE 167
IV. EFFECTS OF FEEDING PLANTS WITH FLUORIDE 167
V. DISTRIBUTION IN PLANTS 169
VI. SYNTHETIC FLUORO-COMPOUNDS 170
VII. TOXICITY 171
VIII. FIELD TOXICITY OF PLANTS 173
IX. DETECTION OF FLUORINE 174
X. CONCLUSION 175
XI. REFERENCES 176
PART IV: PLANT HEPATOTOXINS 178
CHAPTER 16. 
180 
I. ABSTRACT 180
II. INTRODUCTION 180
III. PATTERNS OF DISEASE CAUSED BY DIFFERENT ALKALOIDS AND PLANT GENERA 180
IV. QUANTITATIVE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF DIFFERENT ANIMAL SPECIES 181
V. COMPARATIVE PATHOLOGY OF PYRROLIZIDINE ALKALOID POISONING 183
VI. DISCUSSION 188
VII. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 189
VIII. REFERENCES 189
CHAPTER 17. 
196 
I. ABSTRACT 196
II. INTRODUCTION 196
III. METABOLISM AND HEPATOTOXICITY 197
IV. ANTIMITOTIC ACTION IN THE LIVER 201
V. CARCINOGENIC ACTIVITY 203
VI. LUNG TOXICITY 204
VII. DISTRIBUTION AND TISSUE BINDING OF SEMISYNTHETIC ALKALOID ANALOGUES 205
VIII. CONCLUSIONS 206
IX. REFERENCES 206
CHAPTER 18. 
208 
I. ABSTRACT 208
II. INTRODUCTION 208
III. ENHANCED DESTRUCTION OF ALKALOID IN THE RUMEN 209
IV. MANIPULATION OF LIVER METABOLISM 211
V. PROTECTIVE IMMUNIZATION 213
VI. PROTECTION WITH THIOLS OR OTHER NUCLEOPHILES 215
VII. BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF PYRROLIZIDINE ALKALOID PLANTS 216
VIII. ANIMAL ADAPTATION OR PLANT CONTROL 217
IX. PREVENTION OF HUMAN POISONING 218
X. REFERENCES 218
CHAPTER 19. 
220 
I. ABSTRACT 220
II. INTRODUCTION 220
III. MATERIALS AND METHODS 221
IV. RESULTS 222
V. DISCUSSION 225
VI. REFERENCES 227
CHAPTER 20. 
228 
I. ABSTRACT 228
II. INTRODUCTION 228
III. EXPERIMENT 1 230
IV. EXPERIMENT 2 231
V. EXPERIMENT 2 (SUPPLEMENTAL STUDY) 232
VI. EXPERIMENT 3 232
VII. FIELD EXPERIMENTS 233
VIII. ACKNOWLEDGMENT 235
IX. REFERENCES 235
CHAPTER 21. 
236 
I. ABSTRACT 236
II. HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION 236
III. ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THE TOXIC CONSTITUENTS OF Tetradymia glabrata 237
IV. TOXICITY CHARACTERIZATION 240
V. MODE OF TOXIC ACTION 244
VI. REFERENCES 246
CHAPTER 22. 
248 
I. ABSTRACT 248
II. INTRODUCTION 248
III. TOXIC PRINCIPLES OF LANTANA 249
IV. EFFECT OF LANTANA ON THE LIVER 250
V. EFFECT OF LANTANA ON THE GALLBLADDER 253
VI. EFFECT OF LANTANA ON INTESTINAL MOTILITY 254
VII. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 255
VIII. REFERENCES 255
PART V: PLANT CARDIO/PULMONARY TOXINS 258
CHAPTER 23. 
260 
I. ABSTRACT 260
II. DISTRIBUTION OF THE PLANTS 260
III. THE TOXIC PRINCIPLES 260
IV. POISONING OF LIVESTOCK 261
V. EXPERIMENTAL HEPATIC LESIONS CAUSED BY FST 262
VI. SOME FACTORS INFLUENCING THE TOXIC EFFECT OF NGAIONE IN RATS 264
VII. THE MECHANISM OF INDUCED CHANGES TO THE ZONE OF NECROSIS 267
VIII. THE MECHANISM OF OVERALL TOXICITY 267
IX. CONCLUSION 268
X. REFERENCES 268
CHAPTER 24. 
270 
I. ABSTRACT 270
II. INTRODUCTION 270
III. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS 271
IV. INCIDENCE 271
V. CLINICAL SIGNS 273
VI. POST MORTEM LESIONS 273
VII. CAUSE AND PATHOGENESIS 274
VIII. SUMMARY 275
IX. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 276
X. REFERENCES 276
CHAPTER 25. 
280 
I. ABSTRACT 280
II. INTRODUCTION 280
II. TRYPTOPHAN-INDUCED ACUTE PULMONARY DISEASE IN CATTLE 281
III. TRYPTOPHAN FERMENTATION BY RUMINAL MICROORGANISMS 282
IV. METABOLISM OF 3MI IN CATTLE AND GOATS 284
V. PLASMA 3MI CONCENTRATION AND EXPOSURE TO 3MI 285
VI. 3-METHYLINDOLE AND FIELD CASES OF ABPE 286
VII. VIEWPOINTS ON 3MI FORMATION AND ABPE 287
VIII. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 288
IX. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 289
X. REFERENCES 289
CHAPTER 26. 
292 
I. ABSTRACT 292
II. Asclepias eriocarpa AND A. labriformis AS POISONOUS PLANTS 292
III. EFFECTS OF MILKWEEDS AND CARDENOLIDES IN SHEEP 294
IV. STUDIES ON INDIVIDUAL A. eriocarpa AND A. lahriformis CARDENOLIDES 298
V. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 300
VI. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 301
VII. REFERENCES 302
CHAPTER 27. 
304 
I. ABSTRACT 304
II. THE DISEASE 304
III. REFERENCES 309
CHAPTER 29. 
312 
I. ABSTRACT 312
II. INTRODUCTION 312
III. THE TOXIC PLANT 312
IV. THE TOXIC PRINCIPLE 313
V. THE DISEASE IN CATTLE 313
VI. PIMELEA POISONING IN OTHER SPECIES 316
VII. THE NATURE OF THE ANEMIA OF PIMELEA POISONING IN CATTLE 317
VIII. THE EFFECT OF PIMELEA EXTRACTS ON PULMONARY VASCULATURE 318
IX. REFERENCES 318
CHAPTER 30.CYANOGENESIS, THE PRODUCTION OF HYDROGEN CYANIDE, BY PLANTS 320
I. ABSTRACT 320
II. TOXICITY AND PRODUCTION OF HCN 320
III. REFERENCES 328
CHAPTER 31. 
330 
I. ABSTRACT 330
II. OCCURRENCE OF FURANS 330
III. LUNG-TOXIC 3-SUBSTITUTED FURANS FROM THE MOLD-DAMAGED SWEET POTATO 332
IV. LUNG-TOXIC FURANS FROM PERILLA FRUTESCENS 338
V. REFERENCES 341
PART VI: PLANT NEUROTOXINS 344
CHAPTER 32. 
346 
I. ABSTRACT 346
II. INTRODUCTION 346
III. EPIZOOTOLOGY 346
IV. THE CLINICAL DISEASE 348
V. LESIONS 348
VI. TOXICITY TRIALS 353
VII. DISCUSSION 353
VIII. REFERENCES 354
CHAPTER 33. 
356 
I. ABSTRACT 356
II. INTRODUCTION 356
III. THE CYCADS 356
IV. THE DISEASE SYNDROME 357
V. THE TOXINS IN THE CYCADS 360
VI. OTHER EXPERIMENTAL DISEASES CAUSED BY METHYLAZOXYMETHANOL AND ITS DERIVATIVES 361
VII. CIRCUMSTANCES RELATED TO TOXICITY 362
VIII. DISCUSSION 363
IX. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 364
X. REFERENCES 364
CHAPTER 34. 
368 
I. ABSTRACT 368
II. INTRODUCTION 368
III. ORIGIN OF TOXICITY 369
IV. BIOASSAYS AND TOXIC EFFECTS 369
V. PROPERTIES OF THE TOXIN 369
VI. COMPARISON WITH KNOWN BACTERIAL TOXINS 370
VII. REFERENCES 371
CHAPTER 35. 
372 
I. ABSTRACT 372
II, INTRODUCTION 372
III. OCCURRENCE 372
IV. INCIDENCE AND DURATION 373
V. CLINICAL SIGNS 373
VI. MORBID ANATOMY 374
VII. ETIOLOGIC CONSIDERATIONS 374
VIII. MODIFICATION OF RESPONSES OF SHEEP TO TREMORGENIC AGENTS 376
IX. DISCUSSION 378
X. REFERENCES 379
CHAPTER 36. 
382 
I. ABSTRACT 382
II. INTRODUCTION 382
III. THE GENUS SWAINSONA 382
IV. CONDITIONS OF TOXICITY 383
V. CLINICAL SIGNS 383
VI. PATHOLOGY 384
VII. EXPERIMENTAL SWAINSONA SPP. POISONING 385
VIII. COMPARATIVE ASPECTS OF DARLING PEA AND LOCOWEED TOXICITY 386
IX. PATHOGENESIS OF NEUROVISCERAL CYTOPLASMIC VACUOLATION 386
X. SUMMARY OF EXPERIMENTAL A, LENTIGINOSUS INTOXICATION IN THE PREGNANT EWE (WITH L. F. JAMES, LOGAN) 387
XI. REFERENCES 387
CHAPTER 37. 
390 
I. ABSTRACT 390
II. INTRODUCTION 390
III. ISOLATION AND ANALYSIS 390
IV. STRUCTURE RELATIONSHIPS AND BIOSYNTHESIS 395
V. REFERENCES 397
CHAPTER 38. 
398 
I. ABSTRACT 398
II. INTRODUCTION 398
III. POISONING IN LIVESTOCK 399
IV. CHEMOTAXONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF NITRO-CONTAINING ASTRAGALUS 404
V. REFERENCES 407
CHAPTER 39. 
410 
I. ABSTRACT 410
II. INTRODUCTION 410
III. DISTRIBUTION 410
IV. CONDITIONS OF OCCURRENCE 410
V. CLINICAL SIGNS 411
VI. LESIONS 411
VII. PREVENTION 412
VIII. REFERENCES 412
PART VII: PLANT TERATOGENS AND TOXINS AFFECTING REPRODUCTION 414
CHAPTER 40. 
416 
I. ABSTRACT 416
II. INTRODUCTION 416
III. LUPINE 416
IV. CONIUM MACULATUM 420
V. VERATRUM 423
VI. REFERENCES 427
CHAPTER 41. 
428 
I. ABSTRACT 428
II. INTRODUCTION 428
III. STRUCTURE-ACTIVITY RELATIONS 430
IV. REFERENCES 437
CHAPTER 42. 
438 
I. ABSTRACT 438
II. INTRODUCTION 438
III. BACKGROUND 438
IV. RELATIONSHIP TO TOBACCO 440
V. PATHOLOGIC FINDINGS 441
VI. MATERIALS AND METHODS 442
VII. EXPERIMENT I (TABLE 2) 442
VIII. RESULTS OF EXPERIMENT I 443
IX. EXPERIMENT II (TABLE 3) 444
X. RESULTS OF EXPERIMENT II 445
XI. DISCUSSION 445
XII. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 446
XIII. REFERENCES 446
CHAPTER 43. 
448 
I. ABSTRACT 448
II. INTRODUCTION 448
III. NATURE OF CONGENITAL DEFECTS 448
IV. FREQUENCY OF CONGENITAL DEFECTS 449
V. RESULTS OF CONGENITAL DEFECTS 450
VI. CAUSES OF CONGENITAL DEFECTS 451
VII. DIAGNOSIS OF INHERITED DEFECTS 452
VIII. SELECTED GENETIC DEFECTS OF CURRENT INTEREST 453
IX. REFERENCES 457
CHAPTER 44. 
460 
I. ABSTRACT 460
II. INTRODUCTION 460
III. BACKGROUND FROM THE FIELD 460
IV. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS 462
V. DISCUSSION 466
VI. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 468
VII. REFERENCES 468
CHAPTER 45. 
470 
I. ABSTRACT 470
II. INTRODUCTION 470
III. PATHOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH PHYTO-ESTROGENS 471
IV. ESTROGENIC SUBSTANCES IN PASTURE LEGUMES 472
V. ISOFLAVONOIDS WITH ESTROGENIC ACTIVITY 475
VI. METABOLISM AND PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF COUMESTANS 478
VII. POSSIBLE CONTROL OF CLOVER DISEASE THROUGH ANIMAL TREATMENT 478
VIII. PRESENT RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE CONTROL OF CLOVER INFERTILITY 481
IX. REFERENCES 481
CHAPTER 46. 
484 
I. ABSTRACT 484
II. INTRODUCTION 484
III. GROSS LESIONS OF LOCOWEED INTOXICATION 485
IV. SEQUENTIAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE MICROSCOPIC LESIONS 485
V. CLINICAL PATHOLOGY 486
VI. ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDIES 487
VII. CORRELATION OF CLINICAL SIGNS WITH PATHOLOGIC CHANGES 487
VIII. SIMILARITY TO OTHER DISEASES 489
IX. SUMMARY 489
X. REFERENCES 490
PART VIII: OTHER TOXICITIES 492
CHAPTER 47. 
494 
I, ABSTRACT 494
II. INTRODUCTION 494
III. CHEMISTRY, DISTRIBUTION, AND BIOLOGICAL ACTION OF FUROCOUMARINS 495
IV. TOXICOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF PLANT FUROCOUMARINS 497
V. CONCLUSIONS 501
VI. REFERENCES 502
CHAPTER 48. 
506 
I. ABSTRACT 506
II. INTRODUCTION 506
III. HELENIUM SPECIES (SNEEZE WEEDS) 507
IV. HYMENOXYS SPECIES 509
V. MISCELLANEOUS SPECIES 510
VI. TOXICITY OF SESQUITERPENE LACTONES 512
VII. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 513
VIII. REFERENCES 513
CHAPTER 49. 
518 
I. ABSTRACT 518
II. INTRODUCTION 518
III. CLINICAL SIGNS 519
IV. PATHOLOGIC FINDINGS 520
V. THERAPY AND CONTROL 523
VI. DISCUSSION 524
VII. REFERENCES 524
CHAPTER 50. 
526 
I. ABSTRACT 526
II. INTRODUCTION 526
III. GLUCOSINOLATE CHEMISTRY 527
IV. METHODS OF ANALYSIS 530
V. BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS 532
VI. AREAS OF FUTURE WORK 535
VII. REFERENCES 536
CHAPTER 51. 
540 
I. ABSTRACT 540
II. INTRODUCTION 540
III. THE MANTI CANYON CATTLE ALLOTMENT 542
IV. LIFE HISTORY OF BARBEY LARKSPUR 544
V. CATTLE LOSSES 545
VI. CONTROL OF BARBEY LARKSPUR 547
VII. CONTROL OF CATTLE LOSSES 549
VIII. SUMMARY 550
IX. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 552
X. REFERENCES 552
CHAPTER 52. 
554 
I. ABSTRACT 554
II. INTRODUCTION 554
III. TOXICITY 555
IV. PATHOPHYSIOLOGIC EFFECTS 559
V. REFERENCES 561
CHAPTER 53. 
564 
I. ABSTRACT 564
II. INTRODUCTION 564
III. VITAMIN D METABOLISM 565
IV. SOLANUM MALACOXYLON 566
V. OESTRUM DIURNUM 568
VI. MECHANISM OF CALCINOSIS PRODUCTION 570
VII. COMMENT ON TRISETUM FLAVESCENS 571
VIII. REFERENCES 571
CHAPTER 54. 
574 
I. ABSTRACT 574
II. INTRODUCTION 574
III. CLINICAL SIGNS 575
IV. PATHOLOGIC FINDINGS 577
V. DISCUSSION 580
VI. REFERENCES 582
CHAPTER 55. 
584 
I. ABSTRACT 584
II. INTRODUCTION 584
III. ISOLATION 584
IV. PHOMOPSINS A AND B 585
V. ULTRAVIOLET AND INFRARED SPECTRA 586
VI. NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTRA 588
VII. MASS SPECTRA 590
VIII. HYDROLYSIS 590
IX. DISCUSSION 591
X. REFERENCES 591
CHAPTER 56. 
594 
I. ABSTRACT 594
II. INTRODUCTION 594
III. AMINO ACIDS TOXIC IN MAN 595
IV. AMINO ACIDS TOXIC IN LIVESTOCK 597
V. REFERENCES 602
CHAPTER 57. 
606 
I. ABSTRACT 606
II. INTRODUCTION 606
III. MATERIALS AND METHODS 608
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 609
V. REFERENCES 609
Index 610