Swine Nutrition (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Swine Nutrition 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 8
Contributing Authors 12
Preface 18
PART I: Interdependencies of Swine and Humans 20
Chapter 1. Of Pigs and People 22
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 22
ANATOMIC AND PHYSIOLOGIC SIMILARITIES 25
NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS OF PIGS AND PEOPLE 27
THE PIG AS AN ANIMAL MODEL FOR NUTRITION RESEARCH 29
PORK IN THE HUMAN DIET 32
REFERENCES 40
Chapter 2. Ethology: Pigs and People 44
EATING AND DRINKING AND MEANS OF FEEDING AND WATERING 45
MATING BEHAVIOR AND REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE 46
MANAGING FRUSTRATION 46
ENVIRONMENTAL ENRICHMENT 47
OPERANT CONTROL OF ENVIRONMENTAL FEATURES 47
OPERANT CONTROL OF PHOTOPERIOD 47
OPERANT CONTROL OF ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE 48
PREFERENCE TESTS 48
AGGRESSION AMONG GROUPMATES 48
CONTACT WITH HUMANS 49
VOCALIZATIONS 49
CODA 50
REFERENCES 50
PART II: Development of Nutritional Capabilities 54
Chapter 3. Digestion and Absorption Capacity and Their Development 56
ANATOMY AND HISTOLOGY 57
ENDOCRINOLOGY OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 57
THE CONCEPT OF FIRST-LIMITING FACTORS 64
EVIDENCE THAT FOOD INTAKE AND APPETITE ARE LIMITING FACTORS 66
DIGESTION-ABSORPTION CAPACITY: FIXED OR RESPONSIVE 66
POSTNATAL DEVELOPMENT OF DIGESTION-ABSORPTION CAPACITY 67
ADAPTIVE RESPONSES OF DIGESTION ABSORPTION CAPACITY 79
REFERENCES 90
Chapter 4. Characteristics of Obese and Lean Swine 94
TYPES OF PIGS 94
GROWTH 95
REPRODUCTION 96
NUTRITION 97
ENDOCRINE AND METABOLITE STATUS 99
ADIPOSE TISSUE 101
MUSCLE 103
CONCLUSION 103
ADDENDUM 104
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 105
REFERENCES 105
Chapter 5. Maximizing Lean Tissue Growth: Genetic, Nutritional, and Environmental Factors 110
GENETICS 111
SEX 112
WEIGHT 113
NUTRITION 113
FEEDING SYSTEM 116
ENVIRONMENT 117
IMMUNOLOGY 119
SUMMARY 120
REFERENCES 120
Chapter 6. Impact of Porcine Somatotropin and Beta-Adrenergic Agonists in Swine 122
PORCINE SOMATOTROPIN 122
BETA-ADRENERGIC AGONISTS 129
SUMMARY 134
REFERENCES 134
PART III: Nutrient Utilization by Swine 138
Chapter 7. Energy Utilization in Swine Nutrition 140
ENERGY EVALUATION OF FEED INGREDIENTS 141
EFFICIENCY OF ENERGY UTILIZATION 144
NUTRIENT: ENERGY RATIOS 146
FACTORS AFFECTING ENERGY UTILIZATION 146
ENERGY REQUIREMENTS OF PIGS 147
REFERENCES 150
Chapter 8. Fat in Swine Nutrition 152
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS 153
SPECIFIC USES OF FAT IN SWINE DIETS 154
FAT IN STARTING PIG DIETS 155
FAT IN GROWING-FINISHING PIG DIETS 156
FAT IN SOW DIETS 157
FAT IN NEONATAL PIGLET DIETS 161
FAT SOURCES 162
REFERENCES 162
Chapter 9. Amino Acids in Swine Nutrition 166
PROTEINS AND NONPROTEIN NITROGEN 166
ESSENTIALITY OF AMINO ACIDS 168
AMINO ACID BALANCE (PROTEIN QUALITY) 169
LIMITING AMINO ACIDS IN FEEDS 171
DIET FORMULATION ON THE BASIS OF AMINO ACIDS 173
AMINO ACID AVAILABILITY 174
AMINO ACID—ENERGY REQUIREMENTS 174
USE OF CRYSTALLINE AMINO ACIDS 175
AMINO ACID REQUIREMENTS 177
REFERENCES 180
Chapter 10. Calcium, Phosphorus, and Vitamin D in Swine Nutrition 184
CALCIUM 184
VITAMIN D 195
PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN CALCIUM, PHOSPHORUS, AND VITAMIN D NUTRITION 197
REFERENCES 199
Chapter 11. Sodium, Potassium, Magnesium, and Chloride in Swine Nutrition 202
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS 202
NUTRIENT ALLOWANCES 207
REFERENCES 209
Chapter 12. Vitamin E and Selenium in Swine Nutrition 212
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 212
SOURCES 212
SELENIUM AND VITAMIN E METABOLIC ROLE 216
SELENIUM AND VITAMIN E DEFICIENCY IN SWINE 221
SELENIUM AND VITAMIN E TOXICOSIS 226
SELENIUM AND VITAMIN E REQUIREMENTS 228
REFERENCES 229
Chapter 13. Vitamins A and K in Swine Nutrition 234
VITAMIN A 234
VITAMIN K 244
REFERENCES 250
Chapter 14. The Water-Soluble Vitamins in Swine Nutrition 254
THIAMIN 254
RIBOFLAVIN 257
IMIACIN 259
PANTOTHENIC ACID 261
VITAMIN B6 263
BIOTIN 266
FOLIC ACID 269
VITAMIN B12 271
CHOLINE 274
ASCORBIC ACID 276
REFERENCES 279
Chapter 15. Iron, Copper, Zinc, Manganese, and Iodine in Swine Nutrition 286
IRON 287
COPPER 290
ZINC 293
MANGANESE 295
IODINE 296
INTERACTIONS OF IRON, COPPER, AND ZINC 298
REFERENCES 300
Chapter 16. Fiber Utilization by Swine 304
DEFINITION OF FIBER 304
CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FIBER 305
METHODS FOR ANALYSIS OF FIBER AND FIBER COMPONENTS 307
UTILIZATION OF FIBER AND FIBER COMPONENTS 308
FIBER AND MINERAL UTILIZATION 311
FIBER AND RATE OF DIGESTA PASSAGE 312
SUMMARY 313
REFERENCES 313
Chapter 17. Antimicrobial Agents 316
ANTIMICROBIALS AND REPRODUCTIVE EFFICIENCY 322
MODE OF ACTION OF ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS 324
PROPER USAGE—RESIDUE AVOIDANCE 327
SAFETY OF ANTIBIOTICS 328
ECONOMIC BENEFITS OF ANTIBIOTICS 331
REFERENCES 331
Chapter 18 Water: The Forgotten Nutrient 334
IMPORTANCE OF WATER 334
WATER TURNOVER 334
WATER REQUIREMENT 335
WATER QUALITY 338
REFERENCES 342
PART IV: Factors Influencing Swine Nutrition 344
Chapter 19. Bioavailability of Amino Acids in Feedstuffs for Swine 346
DIGESTIBILITY OF AMINO ACIDS 347
AVAILABILITY OF AMINO ACIDS 353
USE OF BIOAVAILABLE AMINO ACIDS IN DIET FORMULATION 353
SUMMARY 356
REFERENCES 357
Chapter 20. Bioavailability of Minerals and Vitamins 360
MINERAL BIOAVAILABILITY 360
VITAMIN BIOAVAILABILITY 367
REFERENCES 375
Chapter 21. Appetite and Feeding Behavior 380
APPETITE 380
FOOD PREFERENCES 381
INNATE FOOD AVERSIONS 382
LEARNED FOOD AVERSION 382
MEAL PATTERNS 383
HUNGER 384
SATIETY 385
REFERENCES 389
Chapter 22. Physical Forms of Feed: Feed Processing and Feeder Design and Operation 392
FEED PROCESSING METHODS 392
FEEDER DESIGN AND MANAGEMENT 402
REFERENCES 404
Chapter 23. Environment and Management Factors That Influence Swine Nutrition 406
ENVIRONMENT 406
MANAGEMENT AND ENVIRONMENT 412
REFERENCES 416
Chapter 24. Nutritional and Environmental Influences on Immunocompetence 420
INFECTION AND DISEASE 421
ENERGY INTAKE 422
PROTEIN 422
POSTWEANING DIARRHEA AND CREEP FEED 425
VITAMIN E AND SELENIUM 427
IRON AND IMMUNOCOMPETENCE 427
VITAMIN A 428
ZINC AND IMMUNITY 429
OTHER NUTRIENTS AND THE IMMUNE SYSTEM 429
REFERENCES 430
Chapter 25. Genetic and Sex Considerations in Swine Nutrition 434
BOARS, GILTS, BARROWS 434
BREEDS AND LINES 439
REFERENCES 443
Chapter 26. Mycotoxins in Swine Feeds 444
AFLATOXIN 445
TOXIC METABOLITES FROM FUSARIUM SPECIES 447
OTHER MYCOTOXINS 452
REFERENCES 453
Chapter 27. Intestinal Bacteria and Their Influence on Swine Nutrition 458
ESTABLISHMENT OF THE INDIGENOUS POPULATION 458
DISTRIBUTION AND TYPES OF BACTERIA 459
FERMENTATION OF DIETARY COMPONENTS 461
CONCLUSIONS 464
REFERENCES 465
PART V: Applied Feeding of Swine 468
Chapter 28. Major Feedstuffs Used in Swine Diets 470
CEREALS AND CARBOHYDRATE BY-PRODUCTS 483
SILAGES 488
FAT AND OIL PRODUCTS 488
PLANT PROTEIN PRODUCTS 491
ANIMAL PROTEIN PRODUCTS 495
CALCIUM AND PHOSPHORUS SOURCES 498
REFERENCES 499
Chapter 29. Feeding Neonatal Pigs 502
WEANING AT ONE DAY OF AGE 502
REFERENCES 511
Chapter 30. Feeding Pigs Weaned at Three to Four Weeks of Age 516
NURSERY CONSIDERATIONS 516
NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS 516
DIGESTIVE PHYSIOLOGY 518
SIMPLE VERSUS COMPLEX DIETS 521
NUTRITIONAL DIARRHEA 523
FEED ADDITIVES 524
SUMMARY 526
REFERENCES 526
Chapter 31. Feeding Growing-Finishing Pigs 528
ANTIBIOTICS AND HIGH LEVELS OF COPPER 531
COMPARISON OF BARROWS AND GILTS 532
EFFECT OF NUTRITION ON CARCASS COMPOSITION 532
REFERENCES 534
Chapter 32. Feeding Developing Gilts and Boars 536
SELECTION AND MANAGEMENT OF DEVELOPING GILTS 536
SELECTION AND MANAGEMENT OF DEVELOPING BOARS 538
RELATIONSHIP OF NUTRITION DURING GROWTH AND REPRODUCTIVE DEVELOPMENT OF GILTS 539
FEEDING DEVELOPING BOARS 542
SUMMARY 544
REFERENCES 544
Chapter 33. Feeding Sows to Maximize Reproductive and Lactation Capabilities 546
PROTEIN AND AMINO ACIDS 547
ENERGY 550
MINERALS 559
VITAMINS 562
WATER 567
ANTIBIOTICS 567
MOLDS 568
FEEDSTUFF UTILIZATION 568
REFERENCES 570
PART VI: Feeding Unique Feedstuffs to Swine 576
Chapter 34. Utilization of Liquid Whey in Feeding Swine 578
NUTRIENT COMPOSITION 578
UTILIZATION 580
PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS 585
REFERENCES 590
Chapter 35. Raw and Processed Soybeans in Swine Diets 592
NUTRITIONAL IMPORTANCE 593
REFERENCES 602
Chapter 36. Utilization of Cereal Grain By-products in Feeding Swine 604
MARKET AVAILABILITY OF GRAIN BYPRODUCTS 604
FEEDING VALUE 605
DESCRIPTION AND EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF GRAIN BY-PRODUCT INGREDIENTS 605
SUMMARY 611
REFERENCES 611
PART VII: Techniques in Swine Nutrition Research 614
Chapter 37. Computer Modeling for Diet Optimization 616
LINEAR PROGRAMMING IN DIET FORMULATION 616
NONLINEAR PROGRAMMING 619
STOCHASTIC SIMULATION 621
REFERENCES 623
Chapter 38. Statistical Techniques for the Design and Analysis of Swine Nutrition Experiments 624
DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS 624
FUNDAMENTALS OF ALL EXPERIMENTS 625
STRUCTURES OF ALL EXPERIMENTS 626
METHODS OF IMPROVING PRECISION OF DESIGNED EXPERIMENTS 630
ANALYSIS OF DATA 633
INTERPRETATION AND PRESENTATION OF RESULTS 638
ROLE OF THE STATISTICIAN IN EXPERIMENTATION 640
REFERENCES 640
Chapter 39. Digestion and Metabolism Techniques in Pigs 642
QUANTIFYING EXCRETIONS AND SECRETIONS 642
DIGESTIBILITY OF INGREDIENTS AND NUTRIENTS 644
NUTRIENT BALANCE 645
FEED INTAKE 645
NITROGEN AND AMINO ACID DIGESTIBILITY AND METABOLISM 646
FIBER AND DIGESTION 647
ENERGY DIGESTION AND METABOLISM 647
SUMMARY 648
REFERENCES 648
Chapter 40. Techniques for Measuring Body Composition of Swine 650
THE IMPORTANCE OF BODY COMPOSITION MEASUREMENT 650
BODY COMPOSITION METHODOLOGY 651
COMPOSITIONAL CHANGES DURING GROWTH AND REPRODUCTION 657
FACTORS INFLUENCING COMPOSITIONAL PATTERNS 660
SUMMARY 663
REFERENCES 663
Chapter 41. Surgical Techniques 668
CARE AND USE OF SWINE IN EXPERIMENTAL SURGERY 668
PREPARATION FOR ASEPTIC SURGERY 668
PRESURGICAL CARE OF THE ANIMAL 669
ANESTHESIA 669
MONITORING THE ANIMAL DURING AND AFTER SURGERY 670
SURGICAL TECHNIQUES FOR SELECTED IN VIVO NUTRITION STUDIES 671
REFERENCES 679
Index 682