Mineral Nutrition of Fruit Trees (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Mineral Nutrition of Fruit Trees 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 10
PREFACE 6
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 8
PART I: FRUIT TREE MINERAL NUTRITION AND CROP QUALITY 18
CHAPTER 1. MINERAL NUTRITION AND FRUIT QUALITY OF TEMPERATEZONE FRUIT TREES 20
References 25
CHAPTER 2. MODERN CONCEPTS IN FRUIT NUTRITION 28
Early Trends of Fruit Nutrition 28
Nutrient Content of Target Organs 29
Time of Nutrient Requirement 30
Coordination of Tree Physiology with Nutrition 30
Altering Tree Physiology for Maximizing Availability of Ions Alreadyin the Tree 31
References 32
CHAPTER 3. THE INFLUENCE OF ORCHARD NUTRITION ON THESTORAGE QUALITY OF APPLES AND PEARS GROWN IN THEUNITED KINGDOM 34
Introduction 34
Methods 35
Results and Discussion 35
Conclusions 43
Acknowledgements 43
References 43
Discussion 44
CHAPTER 4. THE INFLUENCE OF MINERAL NUTRITION ON THE QUALITYAND STORAGE PERFORMANCE OF POME FRUITS GROWN INNORTH AMERICA 46
Mineral Nutrient Effects on Fruit Quality 46
Roles of Nutrients Within Cells 49
Interactions Between Calcium and Other Nutrients Within Cells 52
Conclusion 53
References 54
Discussion 55
CHAPTER 5. INTERACTION OF NUTRITION AND ENVIRONMENT ONMINERAL COMPOSITION OF FRUITS 58
Introduction 58
Calcium 58
Nitrogen 59
Potassium 60
Magnesium 61
Phosphorus 62
Boron 62
Other Minor Elements 63
Growth Regulators 63
Summary and Conclusion 64
References 64
Discussion 67
CHAPTER 6. CELL ULTRASTRUCTURE IN APPLE FRUITS IN RELATION TOCALCIUM CONCENTRATION AND FRUIT QUALITY 68
Introduction 68
Materials and Methods 68
Results and Discussion 69
Conclusion 71
References 72
Discussion 72
CHAPTER 7. SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY AND ELECTRONMICROPROBE STUDIES OF BITTER PIT IN APPLES 74
Introduction 74
Materials and Methods 74
Results and Discussion 75
Summary 85
References 86
Discussion 86
CHAPTER 8. AN INTEGRATED APPROACH TO ORCHARD NUTRITION ANDBITTER PIT CONTROL 88
Introduction 88
Materials and Methods 88
Identification of Important Factors 89
Bitter Pit Control Measures 96
Acknowledgements 98
References 98
Discussion 99
CHAPTER 9. INFLUENCE OF SHOOT GROWTH, AVERAGE FRUIT WEIGHTAND DAMINOZIDE ON BITTER PIT 100
Introduction 100
Materials and Methods 100
Results 101
Discussion 105
Acknowledgements 107
References 107
Discussion 108
CHAPTER 10. EFFECTS OF THE SUPPLY OF CALCIUM AND MAGNESIUMON THE COMPOSITION AND SUSCEPTIBILITY OF GOLDENDELICIOUS APPLES TO PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PATHOLOGICALDISORDERS 110
Materials and Methods 110
Results and Discussion 111
Conclusions 113
Acknowlegements 114
References 114
Discussion 114
CHAPTER 11. WATERCORE: ITS RELATIONSHIP TO MEAN FRUIT SIZE ANDCALCIUM CONCENTRATION AND RELEVANCE TO OTHERDISORDERS 116
Discussion 116
CHAPTER 12. MINERAL CONTENT OF ANJOU PEAR FRUIT AFFECTEDWITH GREEN BLOTCH 117
CHAPTER 13. MINERAL NUTRITION AND PHYSIOLOGICAL FRUITDISORDERS IN THE NIEDERELBE REGION OF GERMANY 118
Discussion 119
CHAPTER 14. THE INFLUENCE OF BORON DEFICIENCY ON FRUITQUALITY 120
Materials and Methods 121
Results 122
Discussion 124
Acknowledgments 124
References 125
Discussion 125
PART II: UPTAKE AND TRANSPORT 126
CHAPTER 15. THE EFFECT OF SOIL PHYSICAL CONDITIONS ON ROOTSAND UPTAKE 128
Introduction 128
Root Surface 129
Rate of Entry 132
References 134
Discussion 138
CHAPTER 16. MINERAL NUTRITION AND TREE ROOT GROWTH 140
Introduction 140
Effects of Nutrition on Growth of Sitka Spruce in the Field 141
The Effect of Different Concentrations of a Balanced Nutrient Solutionon Sitka Spruce with Divided Roots 143
The Effect of Specific Nutrients 144
Plasticity of Root Growth 146
Discussion 148
Acknowledgements 151
References 151
Discussion 152
CHAPTER 17. THE GROWTH AND DISTRIBUTION OF FRUIT TREE ROOTS:SOME CONSEQUENCES FOR NUTRIENT UPTAKE 154
The Fruit Tree Root System 154
The Physiology of the Root System 157
The Physiology of Individual Roots 159
Root Distribution and Nutrition 161
Conclusions 164
References 165
Discussion 166
CHAPTER 18. UPTAKE AND TRANSPORT OF NUTRIENTS 168
Introduction 168
Nutrient Movement to the Root Surface 168
Nutrient Uptake by the Root 169
Transport of Nutrients Across the Root 174
Transport to the Leaves 175
Conclusion 176
References 177
Discussion 179
CHAPTER 19. EFFECTS OF TIME AND AMOUNT OF NUTRIENT ADDITIVESON NUTRIENT STATUS AND DISTRIBUTION AND ON FRUITQUALITY 182
References 188
CHAPTER 20. MINERAL ABSORPTION AND DISTRIBUTION IN YOUNGAPPLE TREES UNDER VARIOUS ENVIRONMENTALCONDITIONS 190
Introduction 190
Material and Methods 191
Results 191
Discussion 194
Acknowledgements 197
References 197
Discussion 198
CHAPTER 21. THE UPTAKE AND TRANSPORT OF CALCIUM IN THE FRUITTREE 200
Introduction 200
Materials and Methods 200
Root Uptake and the Mobilization of Calcium in Wood and Bark 201
Movement of Calcium in the Symplast and Phloem 205
References 207
Discussion 208
CHAPTER 22. INTERACTION BETWEEN NUTRIENT UPTAKE ANDPHOTOSYNTHESIS 210
Introduction 210
Materials and Methods 210
Results and Discussion 211
References 215
CHAPTER 23. CROP LOAD AND NUTRIENT TRANSLOCATION 218
Introduction 218
Materials and Methods 218
Results 219
Discussion 222
Acknowledgment 227
References 227
Discussion 228
SECTION: GENERAL DISCUSSION ON ION UPTAKE AND TRANSPORT 230
DISCUSSION ON MOBILIZATION AND PARTITION OFMINERAL NUTRIENTS 241
Reference 232
Uptake 241
Movement up the Tree and into the Fruits 241
CHAPTER 24. EFFECT OF SUMMER PRUNING TREATMENTS OF VIGOROUSAPPLE TREES ON THE NUTRIENT CONTENTS OF FOLIAGEAND FRUITS 233
CHAPTER 25. DISTRIBUTION OF SOME ELEMENTS IN LEAVES AND FRUITSOF GOLDEN DELICIOUS GROWN ON DIFFERENTROOTSTOCKS UNDER THE SAME NUTRITIONALCONDITIONS 235
CHAPTER 26. 15N IN FRUIT TREE NUTRITION 236
CHAPTER 27. CHANGES IN APPLE BARK STORAGE PROTEIN AT THEONSET OF GROWTH 237
CHAPTER 28. GROWTH REGULATORS AND CALCIUM ACCUMULATIONIN APPLE FRUIT 239
CHAPTER 29. UPTAKE OF NUTRIENTS BY THE APPLE FRUIT 240
PART Ill: EFFECT OF SOIL MANAGEMENT AND FERTILIZERAPPLICATIONS ON NUTRIENT UPTAKE 244
CHAPTER 30. UPTAKE OF NUTRIENTS BY TREES GROWN IN HERBICIDESTRIPS 246
Introduction 246
Mobilization 247
Compensation uptake 249
Application of the theory 253
References 257
Discussion 257
CHAPTER 31. SOME EFFECTS OF ORCHARD SOIL MANAGEMENT ON THEMINERAL NUTRITION OF APPLE TREES 258
Materials and Methods 258
Results and Discussion 259
Conclusions 268
References 269
Discussion on the Papers of Delver and Atkinson and White 270
CHAPTER 32. IRRIGATION, WATER STATUS AND NUTRIENT UPTAKE INAN APPLE ORCHARD 272
Effect of Sprinkler Irrigation on Root Distribution, Nutrient Uptakeand Yield of Apple Trees 272
Effect of Drip Irrigation on Root Distribution, Nutrient Uptake andYield of Apple Trees 275
Acknowledgements 279
References 279
Discussion 280
CHAPTER 33. MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND NUTRITION INAPPLE TREES 282
Discussion 282
CHAPTER 34. THE IMPORTANCE OF CALCIUM AND NITROGEN SOURCE INFRUIT TREE NUTRITION 284
Introduction 284
Sources 284
Soil Factors 285
Root Factors 287
Conclusion 289
References 289
Discussion 293
CHAPTER 35. RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN SOIL FACTORS ANDMAGNESIUM DEFICIENCY IN APPLE 296
Results 297
Reference 300
Discussion 300
SECTION: GENERAL DISCUSSION OF SOIL MANAGEMENT ANDSOIL EFFECTS 301
EFFECTS OF NITROGEN SUPPLY ON SOME COMPONENTSOF APPLE FRUIT QUALITY 302
CHAPTER 37. INFLUENCE OF SOURCES, RATES AND TIMES OF SOILAPPLICATION OF NITROGEN ON APPLE TREEPERFORMANCE AND FRUIT QUALITY IN ONTARIO, CANADA 303
CHAPTER 38. EFFECT OF NITROGEN FERTILIZATION ON YIELD ANDQUALITY OF MOLTKE PEAR 304
Discussion 304
CHAPTER 39. EFFECTS OF HERBICIDE STRIP WIDTH AND NITROGEN ONCROP AND FRUIT QUALITY 306
CHAPTER 40. INFLUENCE OF NITROGEN NUTRITION ON THE FRUITQUALITY OF VIRUS-FREE AND VIRUS-INFECTED APPLETREES 307
CHAPTER 41. THE EFFECTS OF ORCHARD AND ENVIRONMENTALFACTORS ON PHOSPHORUS AND NITROGENCONCENTRATIONS IN APPLE AND PEAR FRUITS 308
CHAPTER 42. INFLUENCE OF NITROGEN FERTILIZATION ON YIELDAND QUALITY OF CANNED FRUITS 309
Materials and Methods 309
Results and Discussion 309
Reference 310
CHAPTER 43. NITROGEN AND LIME TREATMENT EFFECTS ON THENUTRIENT BALANCE OF APPLES 311
CHAPTER 44. MINERAL UPTAKE BY COX APPLE TREES OVER A SEASON 313
Reference 314
CHAPTER 45. GROWTH AND MINERAL ACCUMULATION OF APPLE TREES 315
CHAPTER 46. NITROGEN BALANCE OF ORCHARDS INFLUENCED BY SOILMANAGEMENT 316
SECTION: DISCUSSION SESSION ON NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUSNUTRITION 318
The Need for Supplementary Nitrogen 318
Nitrogen Availability 319
Nitrogen Supply and Tree Physiology 320
Period of Nitrogen Demand 320
Phosphorus and Soil Management 321
Disease Effects on Nitrogen and Phosphorus Uptake 321
PART IV: DIRECT APPLICATION OF NUTRIENTS TO FOLIAGEAND FRUITS 324
CHAPTER 47. DRESSING OR SPRAYING CALCIUM FOR BITTER PITCONTROL 326
Introduction 326
Materials and Methods 326
Results 327
Discussion 331
References 331
Discussion 332
CHAPTER 48. THE INFLUENCE OF CALCIUM CHLORIDE RATE AND SPRAYMETHOD ON THE CALCIUM CONCENTRATION OF APPLEFRUITS 333
Discussion 333
CHAPTER 49. FOLIAR PENETRATION OF MICRONUTRIENTS: STUDY WITHISOLATED PEAR LEAF CUTICLES OF CUTICULARRETENTION AND PENETRATION OF ZINC 335
Related Literature 335
CHAPTER 50. BITTER PIT-LIKE SYMPTOMS IN QUINCES EFFECT OFCALCIUM AND BORON SPRAYS ON THE CONTROL OF THEDISORDER
Experimental Method 336
Results 337
Discussion 342
References 343
Discussion 343
CHAPTER 51. INFLUENCE OF PHOSPHORUS SPRAYS ON THE STORAGEQUALITY OF APPLES 344
Discussion 344
CHAPTER 52. CALCIUM ABSORPTION IN APPLES AND PEARS TREATEDPOSTHARVEST WITH CALCIUM, ZINC OR UREA 346
Introduction 346
Materials and Methods 346
Results 347
Discussion 348
References 348
CHAPTER 53. THE INFLUENCE OF POSTHARVEST CALCIUM TREATMENTSON THE INTERNAL BROWNING OF PASSE CRASSANE PEARS 349
References 350
CHAPTER 54. AUTORADIOGRAPHIC LOCALIZATION OF 45Ca AND 36C1AFTER POSTHARVEST DIPPING OF APPLE FRUITS 351
Discussion 352
CHAPTER 55. DIRECT UPTAKE OF CALCIUM BY THE FRUIT FROMPOSTHARVEST APPLICATION 354
Discussion 354
SECTION: GENERAL DISCUSSION OF POSTHARVEST VACUUMINFILTRATION TREATMENTS 356
Introduction to Discussion by R.O. Sharpies 356
General Discussion 357
PART V: PREDICTION OF NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS 360
CHAPTER 56. NUTRIENT CYCLING: THE ESTIMATION OF ORCHARDNUTRIENT UPTAKE 362
Introduction 362
Earlier Studies (USA) 362
Recent Studies in England 365
The Nutrient Demand on the Soil 366
Orchard Fertilizer Requirements 367
Conclusions 368
References 368
Discussion 369
CHAPTER 57. NITROGEN FERTILIZER REQUIREMENTS OF FRUIT TREESAS RELATED TO SOIL MINERAL NITROGEN CONTENT INSPRING 370
CHAPTER 58. SOIL AND TISSUE ANALYSIS IN PREDICTING NUTRIENTNEEDS 372
Introduction 372
Soil Analysis 373
Plant Analysis 375
Soil-Plant Nutrient Relationships 377
Conclusions 378
References 379
Discussion 381
CHAPTER 59. LEAF ANALYSIS OF PEACH AND APPLE TREES IN ITALY(Summary) 382
Discussion 382
CHAPTER 60. THE USE OF LEAF ANALYSIS IN ADVISORY WORKIN THE UK 383
CHAPTER 61. THE USE OF LEAF ANALYSIS IN PREDICTING STORAGEQUALITY OF APPLES 384
Discussion 384
CHAPTER 62. CONSERVATION AND REUTILIZATION OF BARK PROTEINSIN APPLE TREES 386
Introduction 386
Materials and Methods 386
Results 387
Discussion 391
References 393
Discussion 394
CHAPTER 63. EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT LEVELS OF MANGANESE ANDBORON UPON THE NUTRIENT STATUS AND THE INCIDENCEOF INTERNAL BARK NECROSIS IN APPLE TREES 395
Discussion 395
CHAPTER 64. BIOCHEMICAL INDICATORS FOR MICRONUTRIENTDEFICIENCIES. A CASE STUDY: IRON NUTRITION OF APPLETREES AND PEROXIDASE ACTIVITY 396
Diagnosing Iron Deficiency Symptoms 396
Predicting Iron Requirement 396
CHAPTER 65. THE PREDICTION OF BITTER PIT 397
Discussion 398
CHAPTER 66. USE OF APPLE ANALYSIS 400
Introduction 400
Prediction 400
Diagnosis 407
Influence of Fertilizer Practice Upon Disorders 407
Fertilizer Policy 409
Discussion 410
Acknowledgement 410
References 410
Discussion 411
CHAPTER 67. PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH THE ANALYSIS OFAPPLE FRUIT 412
Discussion 412
CHAPTER 68. INFLUENCE OF STORE ENVIRONMENT ON CALCIUMREQUIREMENTS OF FRUIT 413
SECTION: GENERAL DISCUSSION OF THE PREDICTION OFNUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS 414
CHAPTER 69. FUTURE ANALYTICAL REQUIREMENTS IN THE FRUITINDUSTRY 416
References 422
PART VI: SYNTHESIS 424
SECTION: GENERAL DISCUSSION OF THE MINERAL NUTRITION OFFRUIT TREES 426
Soil Management 427
Tree Management 428
Fruit Nutrition 429
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS 433
INDEX 444