Energy Metabolism (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Energy Metabolism 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 10
PREFACE 8
PART I: FEED EVALUATION 22
CHAPTER 1. ENERGY UTILIZATION BY GROWING CATTLE AS DETERMINED IN 72 COMPARATIVE SLAUGHTER EXPERIMENTS 24
Summary 24
Introduction 24
Materials and methods 24
Results and Discussion 25
Acknowledgements 27
References 28
CHAPTER 2. INFLUENCE OF THE METABOLIZABLE ENERGY CONTENT OF THE DIET ON ENERGY UTILIZATION FOR GROWTH IN BULLS AND HEIFERS 30
Summary 30
Introduction 30
Materials and methods 30
Results and discussion 31
References 33
CHAPTER 3. THE EVALUATION OF THE ENERGY IN FORAGE BY THE COMPARATIVE SLAUGHTER TECHNIQUE 34
Summary 34
Materials and methods 34
Results and discussion 35
References 36
CHAPTER 4. ENERGY UTILIZATION IN SHEEP FED GRASS SILAGE AND HAY 38
Summary 38
Introduction 38
Materials and methods 38
Results 39
Discussion 41
References 41
CHAPTER 5. CALCULATION OF ENERGY VALUE OF FEEDSTUFFS FOR MILK PRODUCTION: COMPARISON OF VARIOUS FEED EVALUATION SYSTEMS 44
Summary 44
Introduction and methods of comparison 44
Results and discussion 45
Prediction of the energy value in a system from other systems 47
References 47
CHAPTER 6. INFLUENCE OF DIETARY COMPOSITION ON SITE OF ABSORPTION AND EFFICIENCY OF UTILIZATION OF METABOLIZABLE ENERGY IN GROWING PIGS 48
Summary 48
Introduction 48
Materials and methods 48
Results and discussion 49
References 51
CHAPTER 7. THERMOGENIC EFFECT IN PIGS OF DIETS CONTAINING WHEAT OR WHEATFEED 52
Summary 52
Introduction 52
Materials and methods 52
Calculations 53
Results and discussion 53
References 56
CHAPTER 8. THE EFFECTS OF DIETARY PROTEIN, CARBOHYDRATE, FAT AND FIBRE ON THE NET AVAILABILITY OF METABOLIZABLE ENERGY IN THE CHICK 58
Summary 58
Introduction 58
Materials and methods 58
Results 59
Discussion 61
Acknowledgement 62
References 62
CHAPTER 9. INFLUENCE OF SPECIALLY EXTRACTED SOYA MEAL ON NITROGEN AND ENERGY METABOLISM IN THE PRERUMINANT CALF 64
Summary 64
Introduction 64
Materials and methods 64
Results and discussion 65
References 67
CHAPTER 10. ENERGY UTILIZATION BY GROWING CALVES: EFFECTS OF AGE, MILK INTAKE AND FEEDING LEVEL 70
Summary 70
Introduction 70
Materials and methods 70
Results and discussion 71
References 73
CHAPTER 11. THE PREDICTED AND OBSERVED METABOLIZABLE ENERGY VALUES OF MIXTURES OF MAIZE SILAGE AND BARLEY FED TO CATTLE 76
Summary 76
Introduction 76
Materials and methods 76
Results and discussion 78
Conclusions 79
References 79
CHAPTER 12. METHANE PRODUCTION IN DAIRY COWS 80
Summary 80
Introduction 80
Materials and methods 80
Results and discussion 81
References 83
CHAPTER 13. A STUDY OF THE NUTRITIONAL ENERGETICS OF SODIUMHYDROXIDE- TREATED STRAW PELLETS IN RATIONS FED TO GROWING LAMBS 84
Summary 84
Introduction 84
Materials and methods 85
Results and conclusions 85
References 88
CHAPTER 14. EFFECTS OF METABOLIZABLE ENERGY CONTENT OF DIET AND FEEDING LEVEL ON THE EFFICIENCY OF ENERGY UTILIZATION BY YOUNG GROWING LAMBS 90
Summary 90
Introduction 90
Materials and methods 90
Results and discussion 91
References 93
CHAPTER 15. THE INFLUENCE OF DIETARY ENERGY CONCENTRATION ON THE GROWTH EFFICIENCY OF AD LIB. FED PIGS 94
Summary 94
Introduction 94
Materials and methods 94
CHAPTER 16. THE INFLUENCE OF MICROBIAL METABOLISM IN THE HIND GUT OF ROOSTERS ON ENERGY UTILIZATION 98
Summary 98
Introduction 98
Materials and methods 98
Results and discussion 99
References 101
CHAPTER 17. ENERGY AND PROTEIN EFFICIENCY OF SOME DIETS IN AXENIC AND HOLOXENIC GROWING CHICKENS 102
Summary 102
Introduction 102
Materials and methods 102
Results 103
Discussion 105
References 105
CHAPTER 18. DISCUSSION PAPER: 106
Introduction 106
Desired properties of energy systems for practice 107
The present state of energy systems of feed evaluation and problems that need most attention 108
References 113
CHAPTER 19. GENERAL DISCUSSION 114
Ruminant animals 114
Monogastric animals 114
References 115
PART II: USE OF ENERGY FOR MAINTENANCE AND GROWTH 116
CHAPTER 20. SOME ASPECTS OF THE ENERGY METABOLISM OF GROWING PIGS FED ON DIETS CONTAINING DIFFERENT CONCENTRATIONS OF PROTEIN 118
Summary 118
Introduction 118
Materials and methods 118
Results 119
Discussion 120
References 121
CHAPTER 21. EFFECT OF BODY WEIGHT ON EFFICIENCY OF UTILIZATION OF ENERGY AND PROTEIN IN PIGS 122
Summary 122
Introduction 122
Materials and methods 122
Results of respiration experiments 123
Results of nitrogen-balance experiments 125
Acknowledgement 126
References 126
CHAPTER 22. EFFECT OF DIFFERENT DIETARY LEVELS OF LINOLEIC ACID ON ENERGY METABOLISM AND MITOCHONDRIAL ACTIVITY IN YOUNG PIGS 128
Summary 128
Introduction 128
Materials and methods 128
Results and discussion 129
References 131
CHAPTER 23. EFFECT OF DIETARY FAT LEVEL AND COMPOSITION ON FAT AND PROTEIN RETENTION AND EFFICIENCY OF ENERGY UTILIZATION BY MALE CASTRATE PIGS BETWEEN 13 AND 40 kg LIVE WEIGHT 132
Summary 132
Introduction 132
Materials and methods 133
Results 133
Discussion 134
Acknowledgements 135
References 135
CHAPTER 24. ENERGY METABOLISM IN BOARS, GILTS AND BARROWS, AND BARROWS FED DIETHYLSTILBOESTROL AND METHYLTESTOSTERONE 136
Summary 136
Introduction 136
Materials and methods 137
Results 137
Discussion 138
References 139
CHAPTER 25. COMPARISON OF THE ENERGY EXCHANGES OF DUCKLINGS AND CHICKENS 140
Summary 140
Introduction 140
Materials and methods 140
Results 141
Discussion 144
References 144
CHAPTER 26. PROTEIN MASS, PROTEIN SYNTHESIS AND HEAT LOSS IN THE ZUCKER RAT 146
Summary 146
Materials and methods 146
Results and discussion 147
References 149
CHAPTER 27. PROTEIN AND ENERGY METABOLISM IN THE GROWING PIG 150
Summary 150
Materials and methods 150
Results 151
Discussion 154
Acknowledgement 154
References 154
CHAPTER 28. ESTIMATES OF METABOLIZABLE ENERGY NEEDS FOR MAINTENANCE AND GAIN IN BEEF STEERS OF FOUR GENOTYPES 156
Summary 156
Introduction 156
Materials and methods 156
Results and discussion 157
References 159
CHAPTER 29. LEVEL OF ENERGY EFFECTS ON PATTERNS AND ENERGETIC EFFICIENCY OF TISSUE DEPOSITION IN SMALL OR LARGE MATURE SIZE BEEF CATTLE 162
Summary 162
Introduction 162
Materials and methods 163
Results and discussion 163
References 166
CHAPTER 30. UTILIZATION OF VOLATILE FATTY ACIDS FOR MAINTENANCE AND FOR ENERGY RETENTION 168
Summary 168
Introduction 168
References 171
CHAPTER 31. ENERGY REQUIREMENTS FOR THE GROWING PIG 172
Choice of a factorial model 172
Requirements of metabolizable energy for maintenance 173
Estimates of kp and kf 175
Modelling the responses to changes in daily metabolizable energy 175
Conclusions 176
References 176
CHAPTER 32. ENERGY METABOLISM IN GROWING BOARS 178
Summary 178
Introduction 178
References 181
CHAPTER 33. PLANE OF NUTRITION AND THE MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENT 184
Summary 184
Introduction 184
Materials and methods 185
Results and discussion 186
References 188
CHAPTER 34. ENERGY AND PROTEIN UTILIZATION BY PIGS OF DIFFERENT SEX AND GENOTYPE 190
Summary 190
Introduction 190
Materials and methods 191
Results 191
Discussion 193
References 194
CHAPTER 35. A SYSTEM FOR PREDICTION OF RETENTION OF PROTEIN AND FAT IN GROWING ANIMALS 196
Summary 196
Introduction 196
Definitions 197
Experimental determination of kw.o, A and B 198
Preliminary results 198
Acknowledgement 199
References 199
CHAPTER 36. EFFICIENCY OF UTILIZATION OF FOOD ENERGY BY GOSLINGS 200
Summary 200
Introduction 200
Materials and methods 200
Results and discussion 201
References 202
CHAPTER 37. DISCUSSION PAPER: USE OF ENERGY FOR MAINTENANCE AND GROWTH 204
References 208
CHAPTER 38. GENERAL DISCUSSION 210
PART III: SIMULATION MODELS FOR ENERGY EXCHANGE AND GROWTH 212
CHAPTER 39. MODELS OF TISSUE AND ANIMAL METABOLISM 214
Summary 214
Introduction 214
Whole animal models 215
Adipose metabolism 217
References 218
CHAPTER 40. DEVELOPMENT OF A COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR SIMULATION OF ENERGY METABOLISM IN THE WHOLE ANIMAL 220
Summary 220
Introduction 220
Program description 221
Acknowledgement 223
References 223
CHAPTER 41. SIMULATION MODELS FOR ENERGY METABOLISM IN MONOGASTRIC AND RUMINATING ANIMALS 224
Summary 224
Introduction 224
Models on the level of the whole animal 225
Models on the level of individual tissues 226
Models on the level of subcellular fractions 227
Acknowledgement 228
References 228
CHAPTER 42. SIMULATION OF NUTRITIONAL–ENVIRONMENTAL INTERACTIONS IN GROWING SWINE 230
Summary 230
Introduction 230
The simulation model 230
Simulation results and discussion 233
References 236
CHAPTER 43. SUFFICIENT STATISTICS FOR FEED EVALUATION IN ADDITION TO THE DESCRIPTION AND CONTROL OF GROWTH 238
Summary 238
Introduction 238
The operation of the control mechanisms 239
Experimental evidence 240
Feed evaluation 241
References 242
CHAPTER 44. QUANTIFICATION OF ANIMAL AND DIETARY DIFFERENCES WITH THE AID OF THE ROUX MATHEMATICAL MODEL 244
Summary 244
Introduction 244
Accuracy of fit 244
Quantification of small differences 245
Prediction according to growth theory 247
References 247
CHAPTER 45. ENERGETICS OF GROWTH IN CATTLE 248
Summary 248
Introduction 248
Materials and methods 248
Results 249
References 250
CHAPTER 46. EFFECTS OF BODY WEIGHT ON PARTITIONING OF AVAILABLE ENERGY TO FAT AND LEAN GAINS AND ON PARTIAL EFFICIENCIES 252
Summary 252
Introduction 252
Materials and methods 253
Results and discussion 254
References 255
CHAPTER 47. DISCUSSION PAPER: PRINCIPLES UNDERLYING MODELLING ANALYSES IN ANIMAL ENERGETICS 256
Introduction 256
Philosophy, approach and technique 256
Conclusion 258
CHAPTER 48. GENERAL DISCUSSION 260
PART IV: COMPARATIVE ASPECTS OF ENERGY METABOLISM 262
CHAPTER 49. THERMOGENESIS IN PIGS 264
Summary 264
Introduction 264
Materials and methods 264
Results 267
Discussion 268
Acknowledgements 268
Reference 268
CHAPTER 50. ENERGY UTILIZATION OF A CARBOHYDRATE-FREE PROTEIN-FAT DIET BY SOWS 270
Summary 270
Introduction 270
Materials and methods 270
Results and discussion 271
References 273
CHAPTER 51. HEAT PRODUCTION WHEN SINGLE NUTRIENTS ARE GIVEN TO FASTED COCKERELS 274
Summary 274
Introduction 274
Materials and methods 274
Results and discussion 275
References 277
CHAPTER 52. EFFECTS OF AMBIENT TEMPERATURE ON THE HEAT PRODUCTION OF GROWING TURKEYS 278
Summary 278
Introduction 278
Materials and methods 278
Results 280
Discussion 281
Acknowledgement 282
References 282
CHAPTER 53. OXYGEN CONSUMPTION, CARBON DIOXIDE PRODUCTION AND HEAT PRODUCTION IN MAN 284
Summary 284
Introduction 285
Materials and methods 285
Results 286
Conclusions 288
References 288
CHAPTER 54. DIET-INDUCED THERMOGENESIS DURING SHORT-TERM CHANGES IN ENERGY INTAKE IN MAN 290
Summary 290
Introduction 290
Materials and methods 291
Results 292
Discussion 292
Acknowledgements 293
References 293
CHAPTER 55. PLASMA THYROID HORMONES AND OXYGEN CONSUMPTION IN 14 HEALTHY VOLUNTEERS ON LOW-CALORIE AND WEIGHT-MAINTAINING DIETS. A PRELIMINARY STUDY. 294
Introduction 294
Materials and methods 294
Results 295
Discussion 296
Acknowledgements 298
References 298
CHAPTER 56. THE REDUCTION IN METABOLIC RATE AND HEART RATE OF MAN DURING MEDITATION 300
Summary 300
Introduction 300
Subjects and methods 300
Results 301
Discussion 302
Acknowledgements 302
References 302
CHAPTER 57. ENERGY METABOLISM IN ADULT MINK IN RELATION TO PROTEIN-ENERGY LEVELS AND ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE 304
Summary 304
Introduction 304
Materials and methods 305
Results 305
References 307
CHAPTER 58. EFFECT OF WATER TEMPERATURE ON ENERGY UTILIZATION IN RAINBOW TROUT 308
Summary 308
Introduction 308
Acknowledgements 312
References 312
CHAPTER 59. DISCUSSION PAPER: COMPARATIVE ASPECTS OF ENERGY METABOLISM 314
References 318
CHAPTER 60. GENERAL DISCUSSION 320
Effects of activity and excitement on heat production 320
Comparison of calorimetry on animals with that on man 320
PART V: USE OF ENERGY IN REPRODUCTION AND LACTATION 322
CHAPTER 61. PRODUCTS OF DIGESTION, HORMONES AND ENERGY UTILIZATION IN MILKING COWS GIVEN CONCENTRATES CONTAINING VARYING PROPORTIONS OF BARLEY OR MAIZE 324
Summary 324
Materials and methods 324
Results 325
Discussion 326
References 327
CHAPTER 62. ENERGY UTILIZATION BY JAPANESE BLACK CATTLE IN LATE PREGNANCY 328
Summary 328
Introduction 328
Materials and methods 328
Results 329
References 330
CHAPTER 63. EFFECT OF PROTEIN LEVEL AND BUFFERING CAPACITY ON ENERGY VALUE OF FEEDS FOR LACTATING DAIRY COWS 332
Summary 332
Introduction 332
Materials and methods 332
Results 333
References 334
CHAPTER 64. THE UTILIZATION BY HIGH-YIELDING COWS OF ENERGY FROM ANIMAL TALLOW OR SOYA BEAN OIL ADDED TO A DIET RICH IN CONCENTRATES 336
Summary 336
Introduction 336
Materials and methods 336
Results 337
Discussion 338
Acknowledgements 338
References 339
CHAPTER 65. PASTURE INTAKE AND HEAT PRODUCTION OF BREEDING EWES 340
Summary 340
Introduction 340
Materials and methods 341
Results 342
Discussion 343
References 344
CHAPTER 66. ENERGY EXCHANGES IN TWIN-PREGNANT EWES 346
Summary 346
Introduction 346
Materials and methods 346
Results and discussion 347
Acknowledgements 349
References 349
CHAPTER 67. ENERGY UTILIZATION BY EWES DURING PREGNANCY AND LACTATION 350
Summary 350
Introduction 350
Materials and methods 350
Results and discussion 352
References 353
CHAPTER 68. THE ENERGY COSTS OF PREGNANCY IN THE SOW 356
Summary 356
Introduction 356
Materials and methods 356
Results and discussion 357
References 360
CHAPTER 69. EFFECT OF PROTEIN CONTENT AND METABOLIZABILITY OF THE DIET ON THE EFFICIENCY OF UTILIZATION OF METABOLIZABLE ENERGY IN DAIRY COWS 362
Summary 362
Introduction 362
Materials and methods 362
Results 363
References 365
CHAPTER 70. THE ENERGY METABOLISM OF DAIRY COWS UNDERFED IN EARLY LACTATION 366
Summary 366
Introduction 366
Materials and methods 366
Results 367
Discussion 369
Acknowledgements 370
References 370
CHAPTER 71. ENERGY AND NITROGEN METABOLISM IN LACTATING COWS FED GRADED QUANTITIES OF AMMONIUM LACTATE 372
Summary 372
Introduction 372
Materials and methods 372
Results and discussion 373
References 375
CHAPTER 72. SOME ASPECTS OF ENERGY AND PROTEIN UTILIZATION IN RUMINANTS GIVEN SILAGE DIETS 378
References 381
CHAPTER 73. EFFICIENCY OF UTILIZATION OF CORN-SILAGE DIETS BY PREGNANT AND LACTATING SHEEP 384
Summary 384
Introduction 384
Materials and methods 384
Results 385
Discussion 386
References 386
CHAPTER 74. EFFICIENCY OF UTILIZATION OF FOOD ENERGY BY PREGNANT AND LACTATING SOWS 388
Summary 388
Introduction 388
Materials and methods 388
Results 389
Discussion 390
References 390
CHAPTER 75. PRODUCTION AND PHYSIOLOGICAL CRITERIA IN LAYING RHODE ISLAND RED HENS IN RELATION TO PRENATAL AND POSTNATAL ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURES 392
Summary 392
Introduction 392
Materials and methods 392
Results and discussion 393
Acknowledgements 396
References 396
CHAPTER 76. ENERGY METABOLISM AND FEED EVALUATION AT HIGH ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURES WITH RESPECT TO LAYING HENS 398
Summary 398
Introduction 398
Materials and methods 398
Results and discussion 399
References 401
CHAPTER 77. DISCUSSION PAPER: USE OF ENERGY IN REPRODUCTION AND LACTATION 404
References 408
CHAPTER 78. GENERAL DISCUSSION 412
Efficiency of conversion of feed for reproduction 412
Effects of diets upon lactation 412
PART VI: METABOLIC RESPONSES IN THE GROWING ANIMAL 414
CHAPTER 79. EFFECT OF FEEDING LEVEL AND FEED COMPOSITION ON ENERGY UTILIZATION, PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF PIGLETS 416
Summary 416
Introduction and experimental design 416
Results 417
Acknowledgement 419
References 419
CHAPTER 80. THE ENERGY REQUIREMENTS FOR GROWTH IN THE EARLY-WEANED PIG 420
Summary 420
Introduction 420
Materials and methods 420
Results and discussion 421
References 423
CHAPTER 81. ENERGY RETENTION, PROTEIN AND FAT GAIN IN EARLY-WEANED PIGLETS IN RELATION TO ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE 424
Materials and methods 424
Results 425
Discussion 426
References 427
CHAPTER 82. RESTRICTION OF FEED INTAKE AND COMPENSATORY GROWTH RESPONSES IN PIGS 428
Summary 428
Introduction 428
Materials and methods 428
Results and discussion 429
References 431
CHAPTER 83. EFFECTS OF DIETARY COMPOSITION ON ENERGY METABOLISM AND RATE OF UTILIZATION OF THYROXINE 432
Summary 432
Introduction 432
Materials and methods 433
Results 434
Discussion 435
Acknowledgement 436
References 436
CHAPTER 84. ROLE OF GLUCAGON DSf THE REGULATION OF METABOLISM IN GROWING CHICKENS 438
Summary 438
Introduction 438
Materials and methods 438
Conclusions 440
References 440
CHAPTER 85. THE MEASUREMENT OF GLUCOSE KINETICS IN SHEEP – WHAT RELEVANCE DO SUCH MEASUREMENTS HAVE TO THE GLUCOSE REQUIREMENTS OF AN ANIMAL?* 442
Introduction 442
Materials and methods 442
Results and discussion 443
References 446
CHAPTER 86. ENERGY METABOLISM OF SHEEP DURING NUTRITIONAL LIMITATION AND REALIMENTATION 448
Summary 448
Introduction 448
Materials and methods 448
Results and discussion 449
References 451
CHAPTER 87. CHANGES IN FASTING METABOLISM OF CATTLE AS A CONSEQUENCE OF SELECTION FOR GROWTH RATE 452
Summary 452
Introduction 452
Materials and methods 452
Results and discussion 454
References 455
CHAPTER 88. COLD EXPOSURE AND FAT METABOLISM IN YOUNG CATTLE 456
Summary 456
Introduction 456
Materials and methods 457
Results 457
Discussion 458
References 459
CHAPTER 89. ENERGY METABOLISM, SUBSTRATE RESERVES AND GLUCOSE UTILIZATION IN THE PIGLET 460
Summary 460
Introduction 460
Materials and methods 460
References 464
CHAPTER 90. EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE AND ENERGY INTAKE ON HEAT LOSS AND ENERGY RETENTION OF EARLY-WEANED PIGS 466
Summary 466
Introduction 466
Materials and methods 466
Results and discussion 467
Acknowledgements 468
References 469
CHAPTER 91. THE ENERGY COST FOR SHEEP OF WALKING ON GRADIENTS 470
Summary 470
Introduction 470
Materials and methods 470
Results 471
Discussion 473
References 474
CHAPTER 92. THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT LIGHT REGIMENS ON FEED INTAKE, MOBILITY, WEIGHT GAIN AND ENERGY AND NITROGEN RETENTION OF GROWING CHICKENS 476
Summary 476
Introduction 476
Materials and methods 476
Results 477
Discussion 479
References 480
CHAPTER 93. DISCUSSION PAPER: METABOLIC RESPONSES IN THE GROWING ANIMAL 482
Analysis according to external inputs 482
Analysis according to internal inputs 482
Analysis according to output 483
Size 484
Thermal environment 484
Activity and behaviour 485
Physiological state 486
Turnover of metabolites 486
References 487
CHAPTER 94. GENERAL DISCUSSION 488
Biochemical aspects of metabolism 488
Effects of activity and behaviour 488
Effects of climate 489
Effects of the physiological state 489
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS 490
INDEX 502