Marine Mammals and Noise (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Marine Mammals and Noise 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 6
Preface 14
Chapter 1. Introduction 18
1.1 Types of Marine Mammals 19
1.2 Relevant Topics 21
1.3 Regulatory Aspects 25
1.4 Objectives and Scope of This Book 29
Chapter 2. Acoustic Concepts and Terminology 32
2.1 Introduction 32
2.2 Sound Measurement Units 33
2.3 Terms Describing Sound Sources 42
2.4 Terms Describing Sound Propagation 44
2.5 Terms Describing Ambient Noise 47
2.6 Terms Describing Sound Reception 48
Chapter 3. Measurement Procedures 50
3.1 Introduction 50
3.2 Sound Sensors 52
3.3 Sound Recording 58
3.4 Sound Analysis 60
3.5 Physical Measurements 64
3.6 Biological Measurements 71
Chapter 4. Sound Propagation 76
4.1 Introduction and Relevance 76
4.2 Theoretical Aspects 77
4.3 Deep Water Propagation 79
4.4 Shallow Water Propagation 85
4.5 Absorption and Factors Affecting Spreading Loss 89
4.6 Airborne Sound Transmission 93
4.7 Air-to-Water Transmission 97
4.8 Summary 100
Chapter 5. Ambient Noise 104
5.1 Introduction 104
5.2 Sources of Ambient Noise in the Sea 105
5.3 Deep Water Ambient Noise 112
5.4 Shallow Water Ambient Noise 113
5.5 Variability of Ambient Noise in the Sea 114
5.6 Airborne Ambient Noise 115
Chapter 6. Man-Made Noise 118
6.1 Introduction 118
6.2 Transportation 119
6.3 Marine Dredging and Construction 140
6.4 Oil and Gas Drilling and Production 144
6.5 Marine Geophysical Surveys 153
6.6 Sonars 163
6.7 Explosions 165
6.8 Ocean Science Studies 171
6.9 Comparison of Noise Sources 172
Chapter 7. Marine Mammal Sound 176
7.1 Baleen Whale Sounds 177
7.2 Toothed Whale Sounds and Echolocation Signals 187
7.3 Phocid Seal Sounds 206
7.4 Eared Seal Sounds 215
7.5 Walrus Sounds 217
7.6 Sea Otter Sounds 218
7.7 Sirenian Sounds 218
7.8 Summary 219
Chapter 8. Marine Mammal Hearing 222
8.1 Introduction 222
8.2 Audiograms: Frequency Range and Sensitivity 224
8.3 Frequency and Intensity Discrimination 235
8.4 Directional Hearing and Source Localization 239
8.5 Auditory Masking 243
8.6 Baleen Whale Hearing 253
8.7 Summary and Comparisons 255
Chapter 9. Documented Disturbance Reactions 258
9.1 Introduction 258
9.2 Reactions to Aircraft 259
9.3 Reactions to Ships and Boats 269
9.4 Reactions to Icebreaking 291
9.5 Reactions to Other Vehicles 293
9.6 Reactions to Dredging and Construction 295
9.7 Reactions to Offshore Drilling and Production 298
9.8 Reactions to Seismic Exploration 307
9.9 Reactions to Sonars 318
9.10 Reactions to Explosions 320
9.11 Reactions to Ocean Science Studies 326
9.12 Purposeful Scaring via Noise 328
9.13 Reactions to Human Presence 332
9.14 Tolerance, Habituation, and Sensitization 334
9.15 Summary and Comparisons 339
Chapter 10. Zones of Noise Influence 342
10.1 Introduction 342
10.2 Zone of Audibility 343
10.3 Zone of Responsiveness 351
10.4 Estimating Radii of Audibility and Responsiveness 359
10.5 Zone of Masking 376
10.6 Zone of Hearing Loss, Discomfort, and Injury 383
10.7 Summary 400
Chapter 11. Significance of Responses and Noise Impacts 404
11.1 Introduction 404
11.2 Area Affected verus Habitat Available 405
11.3 Auditory Interference by Masking 407
11.4 Behavioral Disruption 409
11.5 Habituation versus Continued Responsiveness 413
11.6 Long-Term Effects 414
11.7 Cumulative Effects 422
11.8 Parallels in Terrestrial Mammals 424
11.9 Methods by Which Marine Mammals May Mitigate Noise Effects 432
11.10 Methods by Which Humans Can Partially Mitigate Noise Effects 434
11.11 Role of Future Research 440
Chapter 12. Conclusions and Data Needs 442
12.1 Sound Propagation 442
12.2 Ambient Noise 444
12.3 Man-Made Noise 446
12.4 Marine Mammal Sounds 451
12.5 Marine-Mammal Hearing 454
12.6 Disturbance Reactions 457
12.7 Zones of Noise Influence 462
12.8 Significance of Responses and Impacts 466
Literature Cited 470
Appendix 1: Common and Scientific Names of Marine Mammals 550
Appendix 2: A Glossary of Acoustical Terms 554
Index 564