Food Allergen Testing

George Siragakis is Technical Director of Food Allergens Laboratory in Athens, Greece. Dimosthenis Kizis is Research Associate of Food Allergens Laboratory in Larnaca, Cyprus.

List of contributors ix 1 Introduction 1
Dimosthenis Kizis and George Siragakis

1.1 Adverse reactions to food 1

1.2 Manifestation mechanisms and symptoms of food allergy 2

1.3 Diagnosis and treatment of food allergy 3

1.4 Food allergy prevalence 4

1.5 Allergenic foods: an increasing list 4

1.6 Methods for food allergen detection 5

References 9

2 Immunodiagnostics in food allergen testing 13
Jennifer Anne Rice and Anthony Joseph Lupo

2.1 Immunoassays for detection of food allergens 14

2.2 Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) 15

2.3 Lateral-flow devices (LFDs) 17

2.4 Antibodies utilized in immunoassays 19

2.5 Sampling and extraction methods for immunoassays 21

2.6 Limitations of immunoassays 23

2.7 Commercial immunoassays for allergen detection in food 23

2.8 Conclusion 27

References 27

3 Molecular testing for food allergens 29
Terence Lok Ting Lau

3.1 Nucleic-acid amplification methods 30

3.2 Food allergen testing by PCR 33

3.3 DNA extraction from food samples 36

3.4 Establishing a food allergen PCR test 38

3.5 DNA testing and food allergen management 44

3.6 Conclusion 44

References 45

4 LC–MS/MS techniques for food allergen testing 49
Manos Christofakis and Aglaia Xila

4.1 Introduction to analytical techniques and allergen testing 50

4.2 Food sample preparation techniques 52

4.3 Liquid chromatography techniques 56

4.4 Implementation of LC–MS/MS techniques in allergen detection 60

4.5 Evaluation of LC–MS/MS methodologies 60

4.6 Conclusion 63

References 63

5 Detection of animal allergens in foods 67
Katerina Rizou

5.1 Introduction 67

5.2 Food allergens of animal origin 69

5.3 Egg 69

5.4 Milk 76

5.5 Fish, crustaceans, molluscs 84

Acknowledgements 92

References 92

6 Detection of plant allergens in foods 105
Dimosthenis Kizis

6.1 Introduction 105

6.2 Determination of plant allergens in foods 106

6.3 Future prospects 123

References 127

7 Gluten testing in foods, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics 151
Joanna Leszczynska, Iwona Majak and Adrian Bartos

7.1 Allergy and intolerance to wheat proteins 151

7.2 The permissible dose of gluten 153

7.3 Structure of wheat proteins 154

7.4 Changes in gluten structure during technological processing 156

7.5 Immunological methods for gluten determination 157

7.6 PCR methods 164

7.7 Other methods 168

7.8 Determination of gluten content in pharmaceuticals and cosmetics 170

References 173

8 Food allergen testing in alcoholic and other beverages 185
Rebecca Kokkinofta and George Siragakis

8.1 Alcohol allergy 185

8.2 Detection of allergens in wine 186

8.3 Facing beer allergy 190

8.4 Nonalcoholic beverages and allergy 192

8.5 Conclusion 194

References 194

9 Allergens in the food industry: customer and legislation demands 197
Antonis Lampidonis and George Siragakis

9.1 Food allergy: a worldwide problem 197

9.2 Consumers' demands on food allergy 198

9.3 Food allergy management 200

9.4 Legislation and labelling guide 203

9.5 New EU food labelling rules 208

9.6 Food allergen regulatory thresholds 210

9.7 Conclusion 211

References 212

10 Reference materials for food allergen testing 215
Sandor Tomoskozi, Kitti Torok, Zsuzsanna Bugyi and Lyvia Hajas

10.1 Regulatory environment of food allergens 215

10.2 Reference materials and the related problems 218

10.3 Availability of reference materials – current commercial possibilities and scientific efforts 220

10.4 Practical application of reference materials 227

10.5 Development of an incurred reference material containing gliadin – a case study 229

10.6 Conclusion 232

Acknowledgements 233

References 233

11 Proficiency schemes for food allergen testing 237
Charalampos Alexopoulos, Elias Kakoulides and Evgenia Lampi

11.1 Introduction – food allergens 237

11.2 Methods for the detection of food allergens 237

11.3 Interlaboratory comparisons and proficiency-testing schemes 250

11.4 Proficiency-testing schemes for food allergen determinations 258

11.5 Conclusion/discussion 264

Acknowledgements 264

References 265

Index 273