Pesticide Toxicology and International Regulation (eBook)

Timothy T. Marrs is the editor of Pesticide Toxicology and International Regulation, published by Wiley. Bryan Ballantyne is the editor of Pesticide Toxicology and International Regulation, published by Wiley.

Pesticide Toxicology and International Regulation 3
Contents 7
Preface 13
List of Contributors 17
Frequently Used Abbreviations 19
Toxicity Classifications and Hazard Ratings 25
1 Pesticides: An Overview of Fundamentals 31
Definition and introductory generalizations 31
Major historical features 32
Classification and nomenclature 33
Exposure to pesticides routes, monitoring, and protection
Health issues 39
Regulation of pesticides 46
References 49
Part I Insecticides 55
2 Toxicology of Organochlorine Insecticides 57
Lindane/hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) 62
Cyclodiene and related insecticides 69
Toxaphene 75
DDT and its analogues 76
DDT 78
Mirex and chlordecone 89
Regulatory aspects 94
Summary 95
References 95
3 Anticholinesterase Insecticides 119
Introduction 119
AChE 120
Major classes of anti-AChE insecticides 125
Toxicological consequences of AChE inhibition 137
Therapy for cholinergic toxicity 138
Regulatory aspects of anti-AChE insecticides 140
Acknowledgements 147
References 148
4 Toxicology of Pyrethrins and Synthetic Pyrethroids 159
Usage and human exposure 159
Mechanisms of toxicity 161
Systemic poisoning 169
Pathology 174
Paraesthesia and local irritation 175
Developmental neurotoxicity 176
Reference values for synthetic pyrethroids 177
References 179
5 Toxicology of Miscellaneous Insecticides 189
Introduction 189
Neuroactive insecticides 191
Insect growth regulators 204
Plant insecticides 210
Biochemical insecticides 215
References 216
Part II Fungicides, Herbicides and Growth Regulators 221
6 Toxicology of Fungicides 223
Introduction 223
Halogenated substituted monocyclic aromatics 226
Dithiocarbamate fungicides 247
Dithiocarbamates 247
Ethylene bisdithiocarbamates 255
Benzimidazole/thiabendazole fungicides 261
Chloroalkylthiodicarboximides 272
Azoles 278
Morpholines 291
Carboxanilides (oxathiins) 295
Organophosphates 298
Piperazines 301
Metallic fungicides 302
Miscellaneous 304
Aliphatic aldehydes 304
Thiocarbonates 308
Antibiotics 309
Cinnamic acid class 311
Appendix: Complete listing of fungicides by chemical classes 312
References 322
7 Toxicology of Herbicides 335
Herbicides 335
Inorganic herbicides 335
Bipyridylium herbicides 335
Phenoxy acid herbicides 350
Substituted anilines 357
Ureas and thioureas 358
Nitriles 359
Triazines and triazoles 359
Organic phosphorus herbicides 361
Defoliants and dessicants, and plant growth regulators 364
References 364
Part III Special Types of Pesticide 377
8 Microbial Pesticides 379
Introduction 379
Regulatory approaches 381
Toxicity of particular organisms 383
References 391
9 Biocides 395
Introduction 395
Chemistry of biocides 397
2,2-Dibromo-3-nitrilopropionamide (DBNPA) 398
Methylenebisthiocyanate (MBT) 401
Quarternary ammonium compounds (quats) 402
2-Bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol (bronopol BNP)
iso-Thiazolones 407
Tetra-(hydroxymethyl)-phosphonium sulphate (THPS) 414
Peracetic acid (PAA) 415
Glutaraldehyde (GA) 418
References 431
Part IV Residues 441
10 Variability of Residues in Unprocessed Food Items and its Impact on Consumer Risk Assessment 443
Variability of pesticide residues 443
Maximum residue limits 444
Minor crops 445
Derivation of MRLs 445
Discovery of residue variability in UK crops 446
Further studies on variability 447
Implications of variability and derivation of the variability factor 448
Calculation of acute dietary exposure 449
Refinement of the variability factor 452
Consumption data in assessing acute dietary exposure 453
Toxicology in the derivation of an acute reference dose 454
Calculating consumer exposure 455
The impact on availability of pesticides 456
References 456
Part V Human Aspects 459
11 Occupational Aspects of Pesticide Toxicity in Humans 461
Occurrence of occupational pesticide poisoning 461
Acceptable occupational exposure levels (AOELs) and estimate of levels of pesticide exposure 462
Generalities on biological monitoring of pesticide exposure 465
Toxicological effects of occupational exposure to pesticides 466
References 488
12 Treatment of Pesticide Poisoning 503
Introduction 503
General treatment guidelines 503
Insecticides 506
Herbicides 511
Rodenticides 516
References 522
Part VI Regulation 529
13 Regulation of Pesticides and Biocides in the European Union 531
Background 531
Data requirements 534
Evaluation and decision-making process 535
Progress with implementation of the Directives 538
Classification and labelling 539
Maximum residue levels (MRLs) 540
Harmonization 541
References 541
14 Regulation under NAFTA 543
History and legislation 543
NAFTA and harmonizing the approach to pesticide regulation 545
Data requirements 546
Hazard identification 547
Dietary risk assessment 549
Occupational/bystander risk assessment 551
Science policy issues raised by the FQPA 553
References 554
15 The Regulatory System in Japan 557
Introduction 557
Safety assessment of pesticides and establishment of the ADI 558
Establishment of maximum pesticide residue levels (MRLs) 560
Data requirements for registration of pesticides in Japan 561
Conclusion 563
References 564
Index 565

"Toxicologists, toxicologic pathologists, and others involved in
the manufacture, use, and regulation of pesticides would be
interested in this reference..." (Veterinary Pathology,
July 2005)

"...a good account of [the] properties and the effects of
exposure...a superb bibliography..." (Bulletin of the Royal College
of Pathologists, July 2004)

"...impressed with the scope of the book...very up-to-date...an
invaluable reference source..." (The British Toxicological Society,
No. 24, Summer 2004)

"...well researched and well organised."
(Applied Organometallic Chemistry, Vol 18 No 8 August
2004)

"...an excellent resource for chemists and
toxicologists in the pesticide industry, academia, pesticide
regulators and regulatory affairs professionals." (Chemistry
and Industry, 18th October 2004)