Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals (eBook)

FRONT COVER 1
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF MARINE MAMMALS 4
COPYRIGHT PAGE 5
CONTENTS 6
CONTENTS BY SUBJECT AREA 16
CONTRIBUTORS 19
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION 31
PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION 32
GUIDE TO THE ENCYCLOPEDIA 34
A 36
Abundance Estimation 36
Aerial Behavior 40
Age Estimation 46
Aggressive Behavior, Intraspecific 53
Albinism 59
Amazon River Dolphin (Inia geoffrensis) 61
Ambergris 63
Anatomical Dissection: Thorax and Abdomen 64
Antarctic Fur Seal (Arctocephalus gazella) 71
Antarctic Marine Mammals 77
Archaeocetes, Archaic 81
Arctic Marine Mammals 83
Atlantic Spotted Dolphin (Stenella frontalis) 89
Atlantic White-Sided Dolphin (Lagenorhynchus acutus) 91
Australian Sea Lion (Neophoca cinerea) 93
Australian Snubfin Dolphin (Orcaella heinsohni) 97
Azorean Whaling 99
B 103
Baculum 103
Baiji (Lipotes vexillifer) 106
Balance 111
Baleen 113
Baleen Whales (Mysticetes) 115
Barnacles 124
Basilosaurids 126
Beaked Whales, Overview (Ziphiidae) 129
Bearded Seal (Erignathus barbatus) 132
Behavior, Overview 136
Beluga Whale (Delphinapterus leucas) 143
Biogeography 147
Blubber 150
Blue Whale (Balaenoptera musculus) 155
Bones and Teeth, Histology of 159
Bottlenose Whales (Hyperoodon ampullatus and H. planifrons) 164
Bowhead Whale (Balaena mysticetus) 166
Bow-Riding 168
Brain 169
Brain Size Evolution 184
Breathing 187
Breeding Sites 191
Bryde's Whales (Balaenoptera edeni/B. brydei) 193
Burmeister's Porpoise (Phocoena spinipinnis) 198
Bycatch 202
C 205
California, Galapagos, and Japanese Sea Lions (Zalophus californianus, Z. wollebaeki, and Z. japonicus) 205
Callosities 211
Captive Breeding 213
Captivity 218
Caspian and Baikal Seals (Pusa caspica and Pusa sibirica) 223
Cephalorhynchus Dolphins (C. heavisidii, C. eutropia, C. hectori, and C. commersonii) 226
Cetacean Ecology 231
Cetacean Evolution 236
Cetacean Fossil Record 242
Cetacean Life History 250
Cetacean Prenatal Development 255
Circulatory System 265
Classification (Overall) 269
Climate Change 273
Clymene Dolphin (Stenella clymene) 276
Coloration 278
Common Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) 284
Common Dolphins (Delphinus delphis and D. capensis) 290
Communication in Marine Mammals 295
Competition with Fisheries 304
Conservation Efforts 310
Crabeater Seal (Lobodon carcinophaga) 325
Culture in Whales and Dolphins 327
Cuvier's Beaked Whale (Ziphius cavirostris) 329
D 331
Dall's Porpoise (Phocoenoides dalli) 331
Delphinids, Overview 333
Dental Morphology, Evolution of 337
Desmostylia 342
Dialects 345
Diet 346
Distribution 351
Diving Behavior 356
Diving Physiology 362
Dugong (Dugong dugon) 367
Dusky Dolphin (Lagenorhynchus obscurus) 370
E 374
Eared Seals (Otariidae) 374
Earless Seals (Phocidae) 377
Echolocation 383
Ecological Effects of Marine Mammals 392
Ecology, Overview 396
Elephant Seals (Mirounga angustirostris and M. leonina) 399
Endangered Species and Populations 403
Endocrine Systems 410
Energetics 418
Entrapment and Entanglement 426
Estrus and Estrous Behavior 427
Ethics and Marine Mammals 431
Extinctions, Specific 437
F 440
False Killer Whale (Pseudorca crassidens) 440
Feeding Morphology 441
Feeding Strategies and Tactics 449
Female Reproductive Systems 458
Filter Feeding 464
Fin Whale (Balaenoptera physalus) 468
Finless Porpoise (Neophocaena phocaenoides) 472
Fisheries, Interference With 474
Fishing Industry, Effects Of 478
Folklore and Legends 482
Forelimb Anatomy 484
Forensic Genetics 488
Fossil Sites, Noted 494
Franciscana Dolphin (Pontoporia blainvillei) 501
Fraser's Dolphin (Lagenodelphis hosei) 504
G 507
Gastrointestinal Tract 507
Genetics for Management 512
Genetics, Overview 518
Geographic Variation 527
Giant Beaked Whales (Berardius bairdii and B. arnuxii) 533
Gray Seal (Halichoerus grypus) 535
Gray Whale: Eschrichtius robustus 538
Group Behavior 546
H 556
Habitat Pressures 556
Habitat Use 559
Hair and Fur 564
Harbor Porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) 565
Harbor Seal and Spotted Seal (Phoca vitulina and P. largha) 568
Harp Seal (Pagophilus groenlandicus) 577
Health 581
Hearing 588
Hind Limb Anatomy 597
History of Marine Mammal Research 600
Hooded Seal (Cystophora cristata) 604
Hourglass Dolphin (Lagenorhynchus cruciger) 608
Humpback Dolphins (Sousa chinensis and S. teuszii) 611
Humpback Whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) 617
Hunting of Marine Mammals 620
Hybridism 623
I 628
Identification Methods 628
Indo-Pacific Beaked Whale (Indopacetus pacificus) 635
Indo-Pacific Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops aduncus) 637
Indo-West Pacific Marine Mammals 643
Intelligence and Cognition 651
The International Whaling Commission 659
Inuit and Marine Mammals 663
Irrawaddy Dolphin (Orcaella brevirostris) 673
J 678
Japanese Whaling 678
K 685
Killer Whale (Orcinus orca) 685
Krill and Other Plankton 692
L 700
Language Learning and Cognitive Skills 700
Locomotion, Terrestrial 707
Leopard Seal (Hydrurga leptonyx) 708
M 710
Male Reproductive Systems 710
Management 714
Manatees (Trichechus manatus, T. senegalensis, and T. inunguis) 717
Marine Mammal Evolution 727
Marine Parks and Zoos 727
Marine Protected Areas 731
Mark–Recapture 740
Mass Mortalities 744
Mating Systems 747
Melon-Headed Whale (Peponocephala electra) 754
Mesoplodont Whales (Mesoplodon spp.) 756
Migration and Movement Patterns 761
Mimicry 765
Minke Whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata and B. bonaerensis) 768
Molecular Ecology 771
Monk Seals (Monachus monachus, M. tropicalis, and M. schauinslandi) 776
Musculature 779
Museums and Collections 782
Mysticetes, Evolution 784
N 789
Narwhal (Monodon monoceros) 789
Neoceti 793
New Zealand Sea Lion (Phocarctos hookeri) 798
Noise, Effects Of 800
North Atlantic Marine Mammals 808
North Pacific Marine Mammals 816
Northern Fur Seal (Callorhinus ursinus) 823
O 827
The Ocean Environment 827
Odobenocetops 832
Omura's Whale (Balaenoptera omurai) 834
Osmoregulation 836
Otters, Marine 842
P 852
Pacific White-Sided Dolphin (Lagenorhynchus obliquidens) 852
Pantropical Spotted Dolphin (Stenella attenuata) 854
Parasites 856
Parental Behavior 865
Pathology 871
Peale's Dolphin (Lagenorhynchus australis) 879
Pilot Whales (Globicephala melas and G. macrorhynchus) 882
Pinniped Ecology 887
Pinniped Evolution 896
Pinniped Life History 903
Pinniped Physiology 908
Pinnipedia, Overview 913
Playful Behavior 920
Polar Bear (Ursus maritimus) 923
Pollution and Marine Mammals 925
Popular Culture and Literature 933
Population Dynamics 948
Population Status and Trends 953
Porpoises, Overview 955
Predation on Marine Mammals 958
Predator–Prey Relationships 968
Pygmy and Dwarf Sperm Whales (Kogia breviceps and K. sima) 971
Pygmy Killer Whale (Feresa attenuata) 973
Pygmy Right Whale (Caperea marginata) 974
R 977
Remoras 977
Reproductive Behavior 978
Ribbon Seal (Histriophoca fasciata) 990
Right Whale Dolphins 993
Right Whales (Eubalaena glacialis, E. japonica, and E. australis) 997
Ringed Seal (Pusa hispida) 1007
Risso's Dolphin (Grampus griseus) 1010
River Dolphins 1011
River Dolphins, Evolutionary History and Affinities 1014
Rookeries 1021
Ross Seal (Ommatophoca rossii) 1023
Rough-Toothed Dolphin (Steno bredanensis) 1025
S 1028
Scrimshaw 1028
Sea Lions: Overview 1033
Sei Whale (Balaenoptera borealis) 1036
Sensory Biology: Overview 1038
Sexual Dimorphism 1040
Shepherd's Beaked Whale (Tasmacetus shepherdi) 1046
Signature Whistles 1049
Sirenian Evolution 1051
Sirenian Life History 1054
Skeleton, Postcranial 1056
Skull Anatomy 1068
Sociobiology 1082
Song 1088
Sound Production 1091
South American Aquatic Mammals 1106
South American Sea Lion (Otaria flavescens) 1111
Southern Fur Seals (Arctocephalus spp.) 1114
Species 1119
Spectacled Porpoise (Phocoena dioptrica) 1122
Sperm Whale (Physeter macrocephalus) 1126
Sperm Whales, Evolution 1132
Spermaceti 1133
Spinner Dolphin (Stenella longirostris) 1135
Steller's Sea Cow (Hydrodamalis gigas) 1138
Steller Sea Lion (Eumetopias jubatus) 1142
Stock Assessment 1145
Stock Identity 1150
Stranding 1153
Streamlining 1158
Striped Dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba) 1162
Surveys 1164
Sustainability 1166
Susu and Bhulan (Platanista gangetica gangetica and P.g. minor) 1170
Swimming 1175
Systematics 1183
T 1188
Telemetry 1188
Territorial Behavior 1191
Thermoregulation 1201
Tool-Use in Wild Bottlenose Dolphins 1206
Toothed Whales, Overview 1208
Training and Behavior Management 1214
Tucuxi and Guiana Dolphin (Sotalia fluviatilis and S. guianensis) 1223
The Tuna-Dolphin Issue 1227
V 1231
Vaquita (Phocoena sinus) 1231
Vision 1235
W 1247
Walrus (Odobenus rosmarus) 1247
Weddell Seal (Leptonychotes weddellii) 1252
Whale Lice 1255
Whale Watching 1258
Whaling, Aboriginal 1262
Whaling, Illegal and Pirate 1270
Whaling, Modern 1274
Whaling, Traditional 1278
White-Beaked Dolphin (Lagenorhynchus albirostris) 1290
MARINE MAMMAL SPECIES 1294
BIOGRAPHIES 1297
GLOSSARY 1306
A 1306
B 1307
C 1308
D 1310
E 1312
F 1313
G 1314
H 1314
I 1315
J 1316
K 1316
L 1316
M 1317
N 1319
O 1320
P 1320
Q 1323
R 1323
S 1324
T 1326
U 1328
V 1328
W 1328
X 1329
Z 1329
INDEX 1330
A 1330
B 1331
C 1331
D 1335
E 1336
F 1337
G 1338
H 1339
I 1340
J 1341
K 1341
L 1341
M 1342
N 1343
O 1344
P 1345
Q 1346
R 1346
S 1346
T 1349
U 1350
V 1350
W 1350
X 1351
Y 1351
Z 1351