Plant Vacuole (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Advances in Botanical Research, Volume 25 4
Copyright Page 5
Contents 8
Contributors to Volume 25 18
Contents of Volumes 14–24 20
Series Preface 28
Preface 30
Chapter 1. The Biogenesis of Vacuoles: Insights from Microscopy 32
I. Introduction 32
II. Sorting of Vacuolar Precursors 33
III. The Autophagic Pathway 38
IV. Endocytic Pathways and Vacuole Biogenesis 48
V. Ontogeny of Vacuoles Specialized in Protein Storage 58
VI. Conclusions 63
Acknowledgements 64
References 64
Chapter 2. Molecular Aspects of Vacuole Biogenesis 74
I. Introduction 74
II. Targeting of Soluble Proteins to the Vacuole 76
III. Mechanism of Protein Transport to the Vacuole 81
IV. Transport of Membrane Proteins to the Tonoplast 85
V. Perspectives 86
Acknowledgements 87
References 87
Chapter 3. The Vacuole: a Cost–Benefit Analysis 90
I. Introduction 90
II. Demonstrated and Hypothesized Functions of Vacuoles. and Alternative Means of Performing these Functions 93
III. Demonstrated and Hypothesized Costs of Producing and Maintaining Vacuoles, and of Costs of Alternative Means of Performing Vacuolar Functions 93
IV. A Case History: "Vacuolate" (Eu)bacteria 93
V. Another Case History: Vacuoles and Buoyancy 106
VI. Costs and Benefits of Vacuolation: Simple Analyses and the Allocation of Costs Among Various Benefits 109
VII. Evolutionary Aspects 112
VIII. Conclusions 113
Acknowledgements 113
References 113
Chapter 4. The Vacuole and Cell Senescence 118
I. Introduction 118
II. Leaf Senescence 120
III. Senescence and Autolysis in Various Cell Phenotypes 134
IV. Programmed Cell Death 136
V. Retrospect 137
References 138
Chapter 5. Protein Bodies: Storage Vacuoles in Seeds 144
I. Introduction 145
II. Ontogeny of PSVs 145
III. The Golgi Apparatus Mediates the Deposition of PSV Constituents in Dicotyledonous Plants 147
IV. Transport of Storage Proteins to Vacuoles in Monocotyledonous Plants 151
V. Developmental Regulation of the PSV Tonoplast 154
VI. Enzyme Composition of PSVs 158
VII. Diversity of Vacuolar Storage Proteins and Enzymes 159
VIII. Assembly and Processing of Storage Proteins 160
IX. Expression of Storage Protein Genes in Transgenic Plants 164
Acknowledgements 166
References 166
Chapter 6. Compartmentation of Secondary Metabolites and Xenobiotics in Plant Vacuoles 172
I. Introduction 172
II. Vacuolar Storage of Secondary Compounds and Xenobiotics 176
III. Conclusions 190
Acknowledgements 191
References 191
Chapter 7. Solute Composition of Vacuoles 202
I. Introduction 202
II. Variability of Vacuolar Solute Composition 203
III. Regulation of Vacuolar Solute Pools 213
IV. A Model 218
V. Conclusions 220
References 220
Chapter 8. The Vacuole and Carbohydrate Metabolism 226
I. Introduction 226
II. Methodological Approaches 227
III. Sucrose and its Component Hexoses 229
IV. Fructans 235
V. Raffinose-series Oligosaccharides 238
VI. Other Carbohydrates 239
VII. Conclusions 241
Acknowledgements 242
References 242
Chapter 9. Vacuolar Ion Channels of Higher Plants 248
I. Introduction 249
II. Cation Channels 257
III. Anion Channels 272
IV. Summary of Individual Channel Characteristics 274
V. Integration of Vacuolar Channel Activity 274
VI. Conclusions 277
Acknowledgements 278
References 278
Chapter 10. The Physiology. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of the Plant Vacuolar ATPase 284
I. Introduction 284
II. Phylogeny 286
III. Ontogeny 288
IV. Properties 293
V. Holoenzyme Subunit – Fine Structure 298
VI. Electron Microscopy 301
VII. Physiological Functions and Ecophysiological Responses 307
VIII. Cell Physiological Regulation 312
IX. Conclusions and Outlook 315
Acknowledgements 316
References 316
Chapter 11. The Molecular and Biochemical Basis of Pyrophosphate-Energized Proton Translocation at the Vacuolar Membrane 328
I. Introduction 329
II. Reaction Mechanism 330
III. Molecular Identity and Sequence 338
IV. Structure-function Relations 342
V. Future Research 360
Acknowledgements 362
References 363
Chapter 12. The Bioenergetics of Vacuolar H+ Pumps 370
I. Introduction 371
II. Determination of the Coupling Ratio 371
III. Patch Clamp Studies of the V-PPase 374
IV. Patch Clamp Studies of the V-ATPase 383
V. Physiological Consequences 389
VI. Conclusions 390
Acknowledgements 391
References 391
Chapter 13. Transport of Organic Molecules Across the Tonoplast 396
I. Introduction 397
II. Carbohydrates 398
III. Organic Acids 403
IV. Amino Acids 413
V. Polyamines and Peptides 417
VI. Transport of Secondary Products of Plant Metabolism 419
VII. Conclusion 421
Acknowledgements 421
References 421
Chapter 14. Secondary Inorganic Ion Transport at the Tonoplast 432
I. Introduction 432
II. Cations 433
III. Anions 439
IV. Conclusions 443
References 444
Chapter 15. Aquaporins and Water Transport Across the Tonoplast 450
I. Introduction 450
II. How are Water Channel Proteins Assayed? 451
III. The Discovery of Aquaporins in Plants 453
IV. Aquaporin TIP and Aquaporin PIP are Members of a Large Gene Family 454
V. The Structure of the Aqueous Pore 454
VI. The Activity of a Seed-Specific Tonoplast Aquaporin is Regulated by Phosphorylation 457
VII. Developmental Regulation of Tonoplast Aquaporins 458
VIII. Are Aquaporins Active in Plants? 459
IX. Do Aquaporins Play a Role in Water Transport in the Plant? 459
Acknowledgements 461
References 461
Subject Index 464
Author Index 472