Biology of Northern Krill (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Advances in Marine Biology 4
Copyright Page 5
Contributors to Volume 57 6
Contents 8
Series Contents for Last Fifteen Years 12
Preface 18
Chapter 1: An Introduction to the Biology of Northern Krill (Meganyctiphanes norvegica Sars) 22
1. Introduction 23
2. Morphology and Taxonomy 24
3. Geographic Distribution 34
4. The Sampling of Northern Krill 39
5. Ecological Role 47
6. Commercial Exploitation of Northern Krill 49
Acknowledgments 51
References 51
Chapter 2: Genetics of Northern Krill (Meganyctiphanes norvegica Sars) 62
1. Population Genetics in the Ocean 63
2. The Genetic Toolkit 63
3. The Species 66
4. Population Genetics 67
5. Genes, Enzymes, and Adaptation 74
Acknowledgments 75
References 76
Chapter 3: Population Dynamics of Northern Krill (Meganyctiphanes norvegica Sars) 80
1. Introduction 81
2. Breeding Season and Spawning 81
3. Development of Eggs and Larvae 84
4. Growth and Maturation 89
5. Mortality and Sex Ratio 102
6. Recruitment Models 105
7. Future Work 106
Acknowledgments 107
References 108
Chapter 4: Physiology and Metabolism of Northern Krill (Meganyctiphanes norvegica Sars) 112
1. Introduction 113
2. The Physiology of Digestion 114
3. Biochemical Composition 118
4. Respiratory Gas Exchange 126
5. Metabolic Properties 132
6. Osmotic/Ionic Regulation and Excretion 135
7. Pollution and Trace Metals 137
8. Perspectives 141
References 142
Chapter 5: Food and Feeding in Northern Krill (Meganyctiphanes norvegica Sars) 148
1. Introduction 149
2. Feeding Basket, Mandibles and Gastric Mill 150
3. Foraging Tactics 153
4. Food and Foraging in the Environment 157
5. Feeding Rates and Daily Ration 182
6. Future Work 185
Acknowledgments 187
References 187
Chapter 6: Growth and Moulting in Northern Krill (Meganyctiphanes norvegica Sars) 194
1. Introduction: Linking Moult and Growth 195
2. The Basic Course of the Moult Cycle 196
3. Practical Approaches 207
4. Growth in the Field Along a Climatic Gradient 211
5. An Outlook: Growth, Productivity and Environmental Change 214
Acknowledgments 215
References 215
Chapter 7: Reproduction in Northern Krill (Meganyctiphanes norvegica Sars) 220
1. Introduction 221
2. From Gonad Differentiation to Adult Maturity 223
3. Gonad Development During the Reproductive Season 227
4. Ovarian Development Linked to Moult Development 238
5. Fecundity and Predictive Models 243
6. Reproductive Behaviour 244
7. Conclusion and Perspectives 247
Acknowledgments 248
References 248
Chapter 8: Laboratory-Based Observations of Behaviour in Northern Krill (Meganyctiphanes norvegica Sars) 252
1. Introduction 253
2. Pelagic Animals in Aquaria 254
3. 'Tethered' Shrimps 255
4. Swarming and Swimming 260
5. Light and Daily Rhythms 265
6. Conclusion 270
Acknowledgments 270
References 270
Chapter 9: Diel Vertical Migration Behaviour of the Northern Krill (Meganyctiphanes norvegica Sars) 276
1. Introduction 277
2. The Role of Predators 278
3. The Role of Hunger and Satiation 280
4. The Role of Internal State and Motivation 281
5. The Role of Physical Gradients 282
6. Vertical Distribution and Horizontal Transport 284
7. Swarming and Schooling 285
8. The Effect of Light 286
9. Individual Swimming Behaviour 287
10. New Methods/Approaches 289
References 292
Chapter 10: Predation on Northern Krill (Meganyctiphanes norvegica Sars) 298
1. Introduction 299
2. Predation Effects on M. norvegica 300
3. Northern Krill Predators and Predation Strategy 304
4. Diversity of Northern Krill Predators and their Diet 320
5. Perspectives and Further Research 321
Acknowledgments 322
References 322
Taxonomic Index 328
Subject Index 330
Color Plates 336