Vertebrate Endocrinology (eBook)
560 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-0-08-046639-2 (ISBN)
David O. Norris is Professor Emeritus at the University of Colorado. He obtained his BS from the Baldwin-Wallace University and his PhD from the University of Washington. His broad research areas include environmental endocrinology and forensic botany. In the area of environmental endocrinology, his studies have focused on the neuroendocrine control of thyroid, adrenal, and reproductive functions with special interest in the role of environmental factors that alter the activities of these neuroendocrine systems.
One of the only books to discuss all vertebrates, the fourth edition of Vertebrate Endocrinology has been completely reorganized and updated to explore the intricate mechanisms that control human physiology and behavior as well as that of other vertebrate animals. Perfect for students in endocrinology, zoology, biology and physiology, it allows readers to gain both an understanding of the intricate relationships among all of the body systems and their regulation by hormones and other bioregulators, but also a sense of their development through evolutionary time as well as the roles of hormones at different stages of an animal's life cycle. Chapters have been reorganized to more closely follow traditional classroom presentation and extensive suggested readings are included at the end of each chapter allowing the reader to obtain further information as well as connect concepts to the literature on which the book is based. For the first time, this edition features four-color illustrations. - Provides a complete overview of the endocrine system of vertebrates by first emphasizing the mammalian system as the basis of most terminology and understanding of endocrine mechanisms and then applies that to non-mammals- Introduces the reader to suitable concepts and explanation of jargon so that the reader will be able to delve directly into the primary literature on any endocrine-related topic with a background that will aid in their interpretation of new information- Revised and updated chapter on The Molecular Bases for Chemical Regulation that now includes more evolutionary data- Includes information on endocrine disrupting chemicals and their implications on the health of wildlife and humans
Title Page 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 8
Preface to the Fourth Edition 9
Acknowledgements 10
Chapter 1. An Overview of Chemical Bioregulation in Vertebrates 12
I. The Comparative Vertebrate Approach 13
II. The Origins of Bioregulation 14
III. Categories of Bioregulators 15
IV. General Organization of Bioregulatory Systems 18
V. Cell and Tissue Organization of Bioregulatory Systems 21
VI. Homeostasis 23
A. A Homeostatic Reflex Model 24
VII. Endocrine Disruption of Homeostasis 27
VIII. Chordate Evolution 31
A. The Invertebrate Chordates 31
B. The Vertebrate Chordates 33
C. Amphibia 36
D. Reptiles 37
E. Birds 37
F. Mammals 38
Suggested Reading 38
Chapter 2. Methods to Study Bioregulation 41
I. The Scientific Method 42
A. Controlled Experimental Testing 42
B. Representative Sampling 44
C. The Dose-Response Relationship 45
D. Occam’s Razor and Morgan’s Canon 46
E. Biological Rhythms 46
II. Methods of Endocrine Analysis 47
A. Extirpation-Observation and Replacement-Observation 47
B. Imaging 48
C. Radioimmunoassay 48
D. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography/Spectroscopy 50
E. Immunohistochemistry 51
F. Techniques for Determining the Number and Characteristics of Receptors 52
III. Molecular Biology and Bioregulation 54
A. Genetic and Genomic Approaches in Endocrinology 54
B. Proteomics 55
IV. Animal Models 55
V. Statistics 56
Suggested Reading 56
Chapter 3. Synthesis, Metabolism, and Actions of Bioregulators 57
I. Amino Acids, Amines, Peptides, and Proteins 58
A. Catecholamines 59
B. Indoleamines 62
C. Peptides 63
D. Receptors for Amine and Peptide Bioregulators 68
E. The Second Messenger Concept 72
F. Turning Off the Response to Bioregulators 79
G. Effects of Membrane-Bound Bioregulators on Nuclear Transcription 82
II. Steroid Bioregulators 83
A. Steroid Structure and Nomenclature 87
B. Steroid Synthesis 91
C. Transport of Steroid Hormones in Blood 97
D. Mechanisms of Steroid Action 97
E. Reproductive Steroid Action 102
F. Membrane Receptors for Steroids 104
G. Metabolism and Excretion of Steroid Hormones 104
III. Thyroid Hormones 106
A. Structure and Synthesis of Thyroid Hormones 107
B. Transport of Thyroid Hormones in the Blood 108
C. Mechanism of Thyroid Hormone Action 108
D. Metabolism of Thyroid Hormones 109
IV. Eicosanoids 109
A. Chemical Structure of Eicosanoids 109
B. Biosynthesis and Actions of Eicosanoids 111
V. Other Important Bioregulators 111
A. Acetylcholine 111
B. Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) 112
C. Interleukins 112
D. Miscellaneous Brain Neuropeptides 113
E. Gaseous Bioregulators 113
VI. Summary 113
Suggested Reading 114
Chapter 4. Organization of the Mammalian Hypothalamus-Pituitary Axes 117
I. The Mammalian Pituitary 120
A. Subdivisions of the Adenohypophysis 123
B. Cellular Types of the Adenohypophysis 126
C. Subdivisions of the Neurohypophysis 130
II. The Mammalian Hypothalamus 130
A. Sexual Differences in the Hypothalamus 132
B. Hypothalamic-Releasing Hormones 133
C. Control of Hypothalamic Hormone Release 133
D. Paracrine Factors in the Adenohypophysis 135
III. Tropic Hormones of the Adenohypophysis 135
A. Category I Tropic Hormones 138
B. Category II Tropic Hormones 139
C. Category III Tropic Hormones 143
IV. Regulation of Tropic Hormone Secretion in Mammals 146
A. Regulation of Thyrotropin Secretion 146
B. Other Neural Factors Affecting TSH Secretion 149
C. Feedback Effects on TSH Secretion 149
D. Regulation of Gonadotropin (GTH) Secretion by GnRH 150
E. Feedback Effects on Gonadotropin Secretion 154
F. Regulation of Growth Hormone Secretion 154
G. Feedback Effects on GH Secretion 156
H. Regulation of Prolactin Secretion 156
I. Feedback and Other Chemical Effects on Prolactin Secretion 158
J. Regulation of Corticotropin Secretion 158
K. Feedback Effects on ACTH Secretion 160
L. Regulation of Melanotropin (& alpha
V. The Nonapeptide Hormones 160
A. The Biological Actions of Vasopressins 161
B. Uterotonic and Milk Ejection Activities: Oxytocin 164
C. Nonapeptide Neurohormones and Behavior 165
VI. The Pineal Gland 165
A. The Pineal Gland and Melatonin 166
B. Functions of the Pineal Gland in Mammals 166
C. The Pineal Gland and Other Tropic Hormones 170
D. The Pineal Gland and Aging 171
E. Other Factors Affecting the Pineal 171
F. Extrapineal Sources of Melatonin 172
VII. Clinical Aspects of the Neuroendocrine System 172
A. Disorders of the Hypothalamus 172
B. Disorders Associated with the Pineal Gland 173
C. Disorders of the Adenohypophysis 173
VIII. Summary 174
Suggested Reading 175
Chapter 5. The Hypothalamus-Pituitary System in Non-Mammalian Vertebrates 179
I. The Fishes 181
A. Agnathan (Jawless) Fishes 183
B. The Myxinoids (Hagfishes) 185
C. Lampreys (Petromyzontids) 185
D. Chondrichthyean Fishes 186
E. Bony Ray-Finned Fishes (Actinopterygians) 188
F. Bony Fishes: The Lobe-Finned Fishes (Sarcopterygians) 192
II. The Tetrapod Vertebrates: Anatomical Considerations 193
A. Amphibians 193
B. Reptiles 196
C. Birds 197
III. Tropic Hormones of Non-Mammalian Vertebrates 198
A. Category I: Gonadotropins (GTHs) and Thyrotropin (TSH) 198
B. Category II Tropic Hormones: Prolactin (PRL) and Growth Hormone (GH) 201
C. Category III Tropic Hormones: The POMC Group 208
D. Endorphins in Non-Mammals 214
IV. Comparative Aspects of Hypothalamic Control of Pituitary Function in Non-Mammals 214
A. Category I: The Glycoprotein Hormones 214
B. Category II: Growth Hormone (GH) and Prolactin (PRL) 218
C. Category III: The POMC Group 220
V. Neurohormones of the Non-Mammalian Pars Nervosa 221
VI. The Epiphysial Complex 224
A. Agnathan Fishes: Cyclostomes 225
B. Chondrichthyean Fishes 226
C. Bony Fishes: Teleosts 226
D. The Pineal in Amphibians 227
E. The Pineal in Reptiles 227
F. The Pineal in Birds 228
G. Evolution of Melatonin’s Functions 228
VII. Summary 229
Suggested Reading 230
Chapter 6. The Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Thyroid (HPT) Axis of Mammals 232
I. Some Historical Aspects of Thyroid Physiology 233
II. Development and Organization of the Mammalian Thyroid Gland 234
III. Synthesis, Secretion, Action, and Metabolism of Thyroid Hormones 236
A. Dietary Iodide and Iodide Uptake 237
B. Biosynthesis of Thyroid Hormones 239
C. Peripheral Deiodination and Metabolism of Thyroid Hormones 242
D. Mechanism of Action of Thyroid Hormones 243
IV. Factors That Influence Thyroid Function in Mammals 243
A. Endocrine Factors Affecting Thyroid Gland Function 243
B. Non-Endocrine Factors Affecting Thyroid Gland Function 245
V. Biological Actions of Thyroid Hormones in Mammals 248
A. Metabolic Actions 248
B. Growth and Differentiation 249
C. Reproduction 250
VI. Clinical Aspects of Thyroid Function 250
A. Thyrotoxicosis and Hyperthyroidism 250
B. Myxedema and Hypothyroidism 251
C. Goiters 251
D. Thyroiditis 252
E. Inherited Disorders 252
F. Euthyroid Sick Syndrome 252
VII. Summary 253
Suggested Reading 253
Chapter 7. The Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Thyroid (HPT) Axis of Non-Mammalian Vertebrates 255
I. Evolution of the Thyroid Gland and Its Functions 255
A. The Origin of the Thyroid Gland 257
B. Regulation of Vertebrate Thyroids 260
C. The Origin of Thyroid Function 260
D. Prolactin and Its Interactions with the Thyroid Axis 262
E. Surgical and Chemical Thyroidectomy and Radiothyroidectomy 262
II. Comparative Thyroid Physiology 264
A. Agnathan Fishes: Cyclostomes 264
B. Chondrichthyean Fishes 264
C. Bony Fishes: Chondrosteans 265
D. Bony Fishes: Teleosts 265
E. Bony Fishes: Sarcopterygians 269
F. Thyroid Functions in Amphibians 270
G. Thyroid Functions in Reptiles 276
H. Thyroid Functions in Birds 278
III. Summary 280
Suggested Reading 281
Chapter 8. The Mammalian Adrenal Glands: Cortical and Chromaffin Cells 283
I. The Mammalian Adrenal Cortex 286
A. Zonation of the Adrenal Cortex 287
B. Additional Zonation 287
II. Biosynthesis and Transport of Corticosteroids 289
A. Synthesis of Corticosteroids 289
B. Release of Corticosteroids 290
C. Transport of Corticosteroids in the Blood 290
D. Metabolism of Corticosteroids 290
III. Secretion and Actions of Glucocorticoids 290
A. Actions of Glucocorticoids 291
B. Mechanism of Glucocorticoid Cellular Action 291
IV. Aldosterone: The Principal Mammalian MineralocorticoidŽ 294
A. The Renin-Angiotensin System and Aldosterone Secretion 294
B. Independent Renin-Angiotensin Systems 297
C. Additional Factors Controlling Aldosterone Secretion 297
D. Mechanism of Aldosterone Action 299
V. Clinical Aspects of the Adrenal Axis 300
A. Glucocorticoid Hypersecret 300
B. Glucocorticoid Hyposecretion 301
C. Disorders of Aldosterone Secretion 302
D. Adrenal Excesses in Androgen Production 302
E. Side Effects of Corticosteroid Therapy 302
VI. The Mammalian Adrenal Medulla 303
A. Synthesis and Metabolism of Adrenal Catecholamines 304
B. Regulation of Catecholamine Secretion 304
C. Mechanism of Action for Adrenal Catecholamines 305
VII. Summary 306
Suggested Reading 307
Chapter 9. Comparative Aspects of Vertebrate Adrenals 309
I. Comparative Aspects of Adrenocortical Tissue 310
II. Adrenocortical Tissue in Non-Mammals 311
A. Agnathan Fishes: Cyclostomes 311
B. Chondrichthyean Fishes 311
C. Ray-Finned Osteichthyean Fishes: Actinopterygians 312
D. Lobe-Finned Osteichthyean Fishes: Sarcopterygians 313
E. Amphibians 314
F. Reptiles 316
G. Birds 316
III. Physiological Roles for Corticosteroids in Non-Mammalian Vertebrates 318
A. Agnathan Fishes: Cyclostomes 320
B. Chondrichthyean Fishes 320
C. Bony Fishes 320
D. Amphibians 322
E. Reptiles 323
F. Birds 324
IV. Renin-Angiotensin System in Non-Mammals 325
A. Renin-Angiotensin System in Agnathan Fishes 325
B. Renin-Angiotensin System in Chondrichthyean Fishes 325
C. Actinopterygian Renin-Angiotensin System 326
D. Sarcopterygian Renin-Angiotensin System and ANP 327
E. Amphibian Renin-Angiotensin System 327
F. Reptilian Renin-Angiotensin System 327
G. Avian Renin-Angiotensin System 327
V. Natriuretic Peptides in Non-Mammals 328
VI. Evolution of Chromaffin Tissue and Adrenal Medullary Hormones 329
VII. Summary 330
Suggested Reading 331
Chapter 10. The Endocrinology of Mammalian Reproduction 333
I. General Features of Mammalian Reproduction 334
A. Embryogenesis of Gonads and Their Accessory Ducts 336
II. Reproduction in Monotremes and Marsupials 341
A. Monotremes 341
B. Marsupials 342
III. Reproduction in Eutherian Mammals 344
A. Puberty 345
IV. Endocrine Regulation in Eutherian Males 346
A. Spermatogenesis 346
B. Endocrine Regulation of Testicular Functions 350
C. Actions and Metabolism of Androgens in Males 351
V. Endocrine Regulation in Eutherian Females 352
A. The Ovarian Cycle 353
B. The Uterine Cycle 360
C. The Pregnancy Cycle 361
D. Birth (Parturition) 363
E. Lactation 365
F. Menopause 367
VI. Reproductive Cycles in Selected Eutherian Females 367
A. The Four-Day Cycling Rat 368
B. The Ewe 370
C. Women 371
D. Elephants 373
VII. Major Human Endocrine Disorders Related to Reproduction 374
A. Precocious Puberty 375
B. Hereditary Disorders 377
VIII. Summary 378
Suggested Reading 379
Chapter 11. Comparative Aspects of Vertebrate Reproduction 382
I. Some General Features of Vertebrate Reproduction 383
A. Gonad Features in Non-Mammals 385
B. Reproductive Ducts in Non-Mammals 386
C. Endocrine Features in Non-Mammals 387
D. Sex Determination in Vertebrates 387
II. Reproduction in Agnathan Fishes: Cyclostomes 391
A. Male Lampreys 391
B. Female Lampreys 391
C. Endocrine Function in Lampreys 393
D. Hagfishes 393
III. Reproduction in Chondrichthyean Fishes 393
A. Male Elasmobranchs 393
B. Female Elasmobranchs 396
IV. Reproduction in the Bony Fishes 397
A. Male Bony Fishes 399
B. Female Bony Fishes 400
C. Reproductive Behavior in Bony Fishes 401
V. Reproduction in Amphibians 403
A. Oviparity in Amphibians 403
B. Viviparity in Amphibians 404
C. Reproduction in Male Amphibians 405
D. Reproduction in Female Amphibians 410
E. Reproductive Behavior in Amphibians 415
VI. Reproduction in Reptiles 417
A. Male Reptiles 417
B. Female Reptiles 419
C. Environment, Behavior, and Reproduction in Reptiles 424
VII. Reproduction in Birds 426
A. Male Birds 427
B. Female Birds 431
C. Androgen-Dependent Secondary Sex Characters in Male and Females Birds 433
D. Reproductive Behavior in Birds 434
VIII. Summary 434
Suggested Reading 435
Chapter 12. Bioregulation of Feeding, Digestion, and Metabolism 438
I. Bioregulation of Feeding 439
A. Stimulation of Feeding 439
B. Inhibition of Feeding 439
II. Bioregulation of Digestion 443
A. The Human Digestive System 444
B. Embryonic Origin of Gastrointestinal Endocrine Cells 445
C. Hormonal and Neural Regulation of Gastric Digestion 445
D. Regulation of Intestinal Digestion 448
E. Intestinal Regulation of Gastric Secretion 450
F. Complex Interactions of Gastrointestinal Peptides 454
III. Bioregulation of Metabolism 455
A. Major Elements of Metabolism in Vertebrates 455
B. Protein Metabolism 459
C. Lipid Metabolism 459
D. Gluconeogenesis 461
E. Fatty Acid Metabolism and Ketogenesis 461
IV. The Mammalian Pancreas 461
A. Development of the Mammalian Pancreas 464
B. Cellular Types in Pancreatic Islets 465
C. Hormones of the Mammalian Endocrine Pancreas 467
V. Hormones Regulating Mammalian Metabolism 472
A. Endocrine Regulation of Metabolism Following Feeding 473
B. Effects of Acute and Chronic Stress on Metabolism 473
C. Protein Anabolic Hormones 475
VI. Clinical Aspects of Pancreatic Function 475
A. Diabetes Mellitus 475
B. Extrapancreatic Tumor Hypoglycemia 477
VII. Summary 478
Suggested Reading 479
Chapter 13. Comparative Aspects of Feeding, Digestion, and Metabolism 481
I. Hormones and Feeding in Non-Mammals 481
A. Orexigenic Factors in Teleost Fishes 482
B. Anorexogenic Factors in Teleost Fishes 483
C. Bioregulation of Feeding in Other Non-Mammals 483
II. Hormones and Digestion in Non-Mammals 483
A. Agnathan Fishes: Cyclostomes 483
B. Chondrichthyean Fishes 484
C. Bony Fishes: Teleosts 484
D. Amphibians 485
E. Reptiles 485
F. Birds 485
III. Comparative Aspects of the Endocrine Pancreas 486
A. Anatomical Features 486
B. Pancreatic Hormones in Non-Mammals 489
C. Non-Pancreatic Hormones and Metabolism in Non-Mammalian Vertebrates 494
IV. Summary 495
Suggested Reading 496
Chapter 14. Bioregulation of Calcium and Phosphate Homeostasis 497
I. Importance of Calcium and Phosphate 498
A. Calcium Homeostasis 498
B. Calcium Regulation 498
C. Phosphate Homeostasis 499
D. Interrelationship of Ca2+ and HPO4Š2 500
E. Bone Formation and Resorption in Mammals 500
II. Endocrine Regulation of Calcium and Phosphate Homeostasis in Mammals 501
A. The Parathyroid Glands and PTH 502
B. Parathyroid Hormone 504
C. Regulation of PTH Secretion 504
D. The C-Cells and CT 506
E. Skin, Liver, Kidney, and 1,25-DHC 507
III. Interactions of PTH, CT, and 1,25-DHC 508
A. Calcium and Phosphate Regulation in Bone 508
B. Regulation of Calcium Uptake in the Intestine 508
C. Calcium and Phosphate Regulation in Kidney 509
D. Other Hormones and Calcium-Phosphate Homeostasis 509
E. Major Clinical Disorders Associated with Calcium Metabolism 510
F. Hypercalcemia 510
G. Hypocalcemia 510
H. Osteoporosis 510
I. Paget’s Disease 511
IV. Calcium and Phosphate Homeostasis in Non-Mammalian Vertebrates 512
A. Agnathan Fishes 512
B. Chondrichthyean Fishes 513
C. Bony Fishes: Teleosts 514
D. Bony Fishes: Lungfishes 517
E. Amphibians 517
F. Reptiles 518
G. Birds 520
V. Summary 521
Suggested Reading 522
Appendix A. Abbreviations of Endocrine Terms 523
Appendix B. Vertebrate Tissue Types 530
I. The Origin of Vertebrate Tissues 530
A. Epithelium 530
B. Connective Tissues 531
C. General Tissue Responses 532
Appendix C. Amino Acids and Their Symbols 533
Appendix D. Bioassays 534
I. Gonadotropins 534
A. Luteinizing Hormone (LH) 534
B. Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) 535
II. Thyrotropin (TSH) 535
III. Category 2 Tropic Hormones 536
A. Growth Hormone (GH) 536
B. Insulinlike Growth Factors (IGFs) 536
C. Prolactin (PRL) 536
IV. POMC-Related Hormones 538
A. Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) 538
B. Melanotropin (MSH) 539
C. Lipotropin (LPH) 539
V. Nonapeptides of Pars Nervosa 540
VI. Bioassay of Glucagon 541
VII. Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) 541
Index 542
Color Plates 562
| Erscheint lt. Verlag | 27.11.2006 |
|---|---|
| Sprache | englisch |
| Themenwelt | Sachbuch/Ratgeber |
| Medizinische Fachgebiete ► Innere Medizin ► Endokrinologie | |
| Studium ► 1. Studienabschnitt (Vorklinik) ► Biochemie / Molekularbiologie | |
| Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Zoologie | |
| Sozialwissenschaften ► Politik / Verwaltung | |
| Technik | |
| Weitere Fachgebiete ► Land- / Forstwirtschaft / Fischerei | |
| ISBN-10 | 0-08-046639-7 / 0080466397 |
| ISBN-13 | 978-0-08-046639-2 / 9780080466392 |
| Haben Sie eine Frage zum Produkt? |
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