Great White Sharks (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Great White Sharks The Biology of Carcharodon carcharias 4
Copyright Page 5
Contents 8
Contributors 10
Acknowledgments 12
PART I: INTRODUCTION 14
Chapter 1. White Shark Research in the Past: A Perspective 16
Chapter 2. A Plea for White Shark Conservation 18
PART II: EVOLUTION 20
Chapter 3. Using Tooth Structure to Determine the Evolutionary History of the White Shark 22
Chapter 4. The Fossil History of Carcharodon and Its Possible Ancestor, Cretolamna: A Study in Tooth Identification 32
Chapter 5. Evolutionary Relationships of the White Shark: A Phylogeny of Lamniform Sharks Based on Dental Morphology 50
Chapter 6. Systematics of the Lamnidae and the Origination Time of Carcharodon carcharias Inferred from the Comparative Analysis of Mitochondrial DNA Sequences 62
Chapter 7. Size and Skeletal Anatomy of the Giant "Megatooth" Shark Carcharodon megalodon 68
Chapter 8. Paleoecology of Fossil White Sharks 80
PART III: ANATOMY 92
Chapter 9. Using Allometry to Predict Body Mass from Linear Measurements of the White Shark 94
Chapter 10. A Review of Length Validation Method s and Protocols to Measure Large White Sharks 104
PART IV: PHYSIOLOGY 122
Chapter 11. Temperature, Swimming Depth, and Movements of a White Shark at the South Farallon Islands, California 124
Chapter 12. The Brain and Cranial Nerves of the White Shark: An Evolutionary Perspective 134
Chapter 13. Reproduction in the Male White Shark 144
Chapter 14. Pregnant White Sharks and Full-Term Embryos from Japan 152
Chapter 15. Observations on a Pregnant White Shark with a Review of Reproductive Biology 170
PART V: BEHAVIOR 186
Chapter 16. The Behavior of White Sharks and Their Pinniped Prey during Predatory Attacks 188
Chapter 17. Diving Behavior of Elephant Seals: Implications for Predator Avoidance 206
Chapter 18. Repetitive Aerial Jaw Gaping: A Thwart Induced Behavior in White Sharks 220
Chapter 19. White Shark Attacks on Inanimate Objects along the Pacific Coast of North America 230
Chapter 20. Observations of White Shark Reactions to Unbaited Decoys 236
Chapter 21. Shape Discrimination and Visual Predatory Tactics in White Sharks 242
Chapter 22. Tail Slap and Breach: Agonistic Displays among White Sharks? 254
Chapter 23. Behavior of the White Shark: An Emerging Picture 270
PART VI: ECOLOGY AND DISTRIBUTION 274
Chapter 24. White Shark Predation on Four Pinniped Species in Central California Waters: Geographic and Temporal Patterns Inferred from Wounded Carcasses 276
Chapter 25. Tidal Height and White Shark Predation at the South Farallon Islands, California 288
Chapter 26. Environmental Factors Affecting the Occurrence and Behavior of White Sharks at the Farallon Islands, California 294
Chapter 27. White Shark Predation and Scavenging on Cetaceans in the Eastern North Pacific Ocean 306
Chapter 28. White Shark-Inflicted Wounds of Sea Otters ni California, 1968–1992 322
Chapter 29. Records of White Shark-Bitten Leatherback Sea Turtles along the Central California Coast 330
Chapter 30. Distribution and Autecology of the White Shark in the Eastern North Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea 334
Chapter 31. Occurrence of the White Shark along the Brazilian Coast 360
Chapter 32. Catches of White Sharks in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, and Environmental Influences 364
PART VII: POPULATION BIOLOGY 376
Chapter 33. Residency Patterns of White Sharks at the South Farallon Islands, California 378
Chapter 34. Trends in White Shark Predation at the South Farallon Islands, 1968–1993 388
Chapter 35. Population Dynamics of White Sharks in South Africa 394
Chapter 36. First Estimates of Mortality and Population Size on the South African Coast 406
Chapter 37. Population Dynamics of White Sharks in Spencer Gulf, South Australia 414
Chapter 38. An Evaluation of Methodologies to Study the Population Biology of White Sharks 428
PART VIII: INTERACTIONS WITH HUMANS 430
Chapter 39. White Shark Attacks in the Eastern Pacific Ocean: An Update and Analysis 432
Chapter 40. Unprovoked Attacks by White Sharks off the South African Coast 448
Chapter 41. White Shark Attacks in Australian Waters 462
Chapter 42. Worldwide Patterns of White Shark Attacks on Humans 470
Chapter 43. Chemical Repellent Tests on White Sharks, with Comments on Repellent Delivery Methods 484
Chapter 44. Comments on Means for Avoidance or Deterrence of White Shark Attacks on Humans 490
Chapter 45. More Rare Than Dangerous: A Case Study of White Shark Conservation in California 494
Bibliography 506
Index 528