Anesthesia and Analgesia in Laboratory Animals (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Anesthesia and Analgesia in Laboratory Animals 4
Copyright Page 5
Contents 6
List of Contributors 10
Preface 12
List of Reviewers for Chapters in This Volume 14
Definitions of Selected Terms 16
Chapter 1. Pharmacology of Injectable Anesthetics 20
I. Introduction 21
II. Barbiturates 21
III. Hypnotics 23
IV. Cyclohexamines: Dissociative Anesthetics 28
V. Steroids 30
VI. a2-Agonists 31
VII. Sedatives and Tranquilizers 33
VIII. Local/Regional Anesthesia 35
IX. Anesthetic Combinations 36
References 38
Additional Reading 46
Chapter 2. Pharmacology of Inhalation Anesthetics 48
I. Introduction 48
II. Chemical and Physical Properties 49
III. Mode of Action 54
IV. Uptake, Distribution, and Elimination 55
V. Inhaled Anesthetics 55
VI. Measurement and Quantification of Anesthetic Concentration for Research 57
VII. Health Risks Associated with Exposure to Waste Anesthetic Gases 59
References 59
Chapter 3. Pharmacology of Analgesics 62
I. Introduction 62
II. Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs 63
III. Opioids 67
IV. a2-Adrenergic Agonists 72
V. a2-Antagonists 73
VI. Analgesic Adjuvants 73
VII. Future Prospects 74
References 74
Chapter 4. Paralytic Agents 76
I. Introduction 76
II. Classification of Paralytic Agents 77
III. Measuring Neuromuscular Function 85
References 89
Chapter 5. Monitoring of Anesthesia 92
I. Introduction to Anesthetic Monitoring 92
II. Physiological Systems of Importance 93
III. Summary and Conclusions 99
References 100
Chapter 6. Monitoring of Analgesia 102
I. Introduction 102
II. Neuroanatomy and Neurophysiology of Pain 103
III. Mechanisms of Analgesia 105
IV. Pain Perception 105
V. Pain and Stress 106
VI. Determining When to Treat Pain 107
VII. Experimental Pain Models 114
References 118
Chapter 7. Anesthesia Equipment: Types and Uses 124
I. Introduction 125
II. Compressed Gases 125
III. Anesthetic Machines 127
IV. Breathing Circuits 137
V. Testing and Maintenance of Anesthetic Machines 140
VI. Ventilators 141
VII. Induction Chambers and Masks 145
VIII. Fluid Delivery Systems 147
IX. Monitors 148
X. Patient Support Equipment 157
XI. Ancillary Equipment 158
References 164
Chapter 8. Design of Surgical Suites and Postsurgical Care Units 168
I. Introduction 168
II. Design Considerations 169
III. Planning of Surgical Facility 173
IV. Construction of Surgical Facility 176
V. Conclusion 181
References 181
Chapter 9. Anesthesia and Analgesia in Rodents 184
I. Introduction 184
II. Unique Features of Rodent Anesthesia and Analgesia 185
III. Preoperative Patient Evaluation and Care 185
IV. Methods of Anesthetic Delivery/Equipment 186
V. Inhalant Anesthetics 188
VI. Parenteral General Anesthetics 192
VII. Regional Anesthesia 201
VIII. Intraoperative Anesthetic Monitoring and Support 201
IX. Postoperative Supportive Care 202
X. Acute and Chronic Analgesic Therapy 203
XI. Special Anesthetic Considerations 208
Appendix 210
References 219
Chapter 10. Anesthesia and Analgesia in Rabbits 224
I. Introduction 224
II. Preoperative Considerations 225
III. Methods of Delivery or Administration 227
IV. Parenteral Techniques 230
V. Inhalation Anesthesia 235
VI. Regional Anesthesia 236
VII. Special Anesthetic Considerations 237
VIII. Intraoperative Support and Monitoring 238
IX. Postoperative Considerations 239
X. Analgesia 240
Appendix 242
References 247
Chapter 11. Anesthesia and Analgesia in Nonhuman Primates 252
I. Introduction 253
II. Preoperative Evaluation 253
III. Anesthetic Delivery 254
IV. Anticholinergic Drugs 255
V. Parenteral Anesthetics 255
VI. Muscle Relaxants 259
VII. Inhalational Anesthetics 260
VIII. Intraoperative Monitoring 262
IX. Intraoperative Support 264
X. Special Anesthetic Considerations 264
XI. Postoperative Care 267
XlI. Summary 269
References 273
Chapter 12. Anesthesia and Analgesia in Dogs, Cats, and Ferrets 276
Introduction 277
Part A: Anesthesia and Analgesia in Dogs and Cats 277
I. Preanesthetic Evaluation 277
II. Delivery of Anesthetics and Adjunctive Drugs 278
III. Preanesthetic Medications 280
IV. Intravenous Agents for Induction or Maintenance of General Anesthesia 281
V. Balanced Anesthesia 285
VI. Overview of Inhalation Anesthesia 285
VII. Hemodynamic Effects of Inhalational Anesthesia 286
VIII. Methods of Inhalational Induction of Anesthesia 286
IX. Intraoperative Monitoring and Physiological Support 287
X. Postoperative Care 287
XI. Postoperative Analgesia 289
XII. Specific Considerations 290
References 292
Part B: Anesthesia and Analgesia in Ferrets 293
I. Introduction 293
II. Unique Features of Ferret Anesthesia 293
III. Preoperative Patient Evaluation and Care 294
IV. Methods of Anesthetic Delivery and Equipment 294
V. Sedatives and Tranquilizers 294
VI. Parenteral Anesthetics 294
VII. Inhalant Anesthesia 297
VIII. Regional Anesthesia 297
IX. Monitoring of Anesthesia 297
X. Intraoperative and Postoperative Supportive Care 298
XI. Acute and Chronic Analgesic Therapy 298
References 298
Chapter 13. Anesthesia and Analgesia in Ruminants 300
I. Introduction 301
II. Animal Health Considerations 302
III. Preparation for Anesthesia 305
IV. Local and Regional Anesthesia 307
V. Epidural or Spinal Anesthesia 308
VI. Pharmacologic Considerations for Anesthesia of Ruminants 309
VII. Sedation and Premedication 310
VIII. Induction of General Anesthesia 313
IX. Intubation Techniques 316
X. Maintenance of Anesthesia 318
XI. Monitoring of Anesthetized Ruminants 319
XII. Support during Anesthesia 321
XIII. Anesthetic Recovery and Postoperative Care 321
XIV. Pain Perception and Evaluation 322
XV. Pain Management 323
References 327
Chapter 14. Anesthesia and Analgesia in Swine 332
I. Anatomic and Physiologic Characteristics 333
II. Anesthetic Delivery 333
III. Inhalational Anesthesia 335
IV. Injectable Anesthetics and Tranquilizers 338
V. Regional Anesthesia 341
VI. Analgesia 341
VII. Intraoperative Support and Monitoring 342
VIII. Postsurgical Care 343
IX. Special Anesthetic Considerations 343
Appendix 349
References 352
Chapter 15. Anesthesia and Analgesia in Nontraditional Laboratory Animal Species 356
I. Introduction 357
II. Mammals 357
III. Birds 360
IV. Reptiles 367
V. Amphibians 378
VI. Fish 381
VII. Invertebrates 383
Appendix 386
References 386
Chapter 16. Postoperative Support and Intensive Care 398
I. Introduction 398
II. Facilities and Equipment for Postoperative and Intensive Care 399
III. General Nursing Care Protocols 399
IV. Personnel Training 400
V. Record Keeping 400
VI. Monitoring 401
VII. Postoperative Care 405
VIII. Nutritional Support 407
IX. Vascular Catheter Placement and Care 409
X. Fluid Therapy 411
XI. Conclusion 412
References 413
Chapter 17. Current Research in Anesthesia and Trends in Clinical Applications 416
I. Introduction 416
II. Novel Sites for Anesthetic Drug Action 417
III. Novel Drugs 420
IV. Anesthetic Delivery 422
References 424
Appendix 428
Index 430