Advances in Marine Biology (eBook)

Cover 1
Contents 8
Contributors to Volume 46 6
Series Contents for Ten Years 10
Chapter 1. Benthic Foraminifera (Protista) as Tools in Deep-water Palaeoceanography: Environmental Influences on Faunal Characteristics 14
1. Introduction 16
2. Deep-sea Environments 18
3. Methodology: Sieve Sizes, Sampling Devices and Replication 19
4. Aspects of Deep-sea Foraminiferal Ecology 20
5. Faunal Approaches to Reconstructing Palaeoceanography 28
6. Organic Matter Fluxes 31
7. Oxygen Concentrations 46
8. Bottom-water Hydrography 52
9. Water Depth 56
10. Species Diversity Parameters as Tools in Palaeoceanography 58
11. Summary of Environmental Influences on Live Assemblages 67
12. Relationship of Modern and Fossil Assemblages 69
13. Problems and Future Directions 75
Acknowledgements 82
References 83
Chapter 2. Breeding Biology of the Intertidal Sand Crab, Emerita (Decapoda: Anomura) 104
1. Introduction 105
2. Distribution and Natural History 106
3. Sex Ratio and Size at Sexual Maturity 108
4. Neoteny 109
5. Protandric Hermaphroditism in E. asiatica 112
6. Mating Habits 117
7. Spermatophores and Sperm Transfer 119
8. Moulting Pattern of E. asiatica„A Case Study 125
9. Reproductive Cycle 135
10. Interrelationship Between Moulting and Reproduction 148
11. Biochemistry of Eggs 152
12. Yolk Utilisation 159
13. Larval Development 174
14. Emerita as Indicator Species 181
15. Conclusions 183
Acknowledgements 184
References 185
Chapter 3. Coral Bleaching – Capacity for Acclimatization and Adaptation 196
1. Introduction 197
2. Coral Upper Temperature Tolerance Thresholds 199
3. The Coral Bleaching Process 201
4. Coral Bleaching Protective Mechanisms 203
5. Coral and Zooxanthellae Thermal Acclimation, Acclimatization, and Adaptation: Empirical Observations 208
6. Coral Bleaching Recovery 214
7. Bleaching and Coral Disease, Reproduction, and Recruitment 217
8. Long-Term Ecological Implications of Coral Bleaching 220
9. Conclusions 222
Acknowledgements 224
References 225
Chapter 4. Fatty Acid Trophic Markers in the Pelagic Marine Environment 238
1. Introduction 240
2. Fatty Acid Dynamics in Marine Primary Producers 251
3. Fatty Acid Dynamics in Crustaceous Zooplankton 268
4. Fatty Acid Dynamics in Fish 282
5. Applications of Fatty Acid Trophic Markers in Major Food Webs 291
6. Summary and Conclusions 326
Acknowledgements 331
References 331
Taxonomic Index 354
Subject Index 360