Concepts and Applications in Environmental Geochemistry (eBook)

Cover 1
Copyright page 5
Contents 6
List of Contributors 10
Introduction to the Book Series 16
Chapter 1. What goes around comes around: Today’s environmental geochemistry 18
1.1. Introduction 18
References 23
Section I: Todays Environmental Geochemistry„A Review of New Concepts and Innovative Practices 24
Chapter 2. Modification of Goldschmidt’s geochemical classification of the elements to include arsenic, mercury, and lead as biophile elements 26
2.1. Introduction 26
2.2. Environmental geochemistry and anthropogenic dispersion of arsenic, lead, and mercury 33
2.3. Conclusion 44
Acknowledgements 45
References 45
Chapter 3. Metal ions speciation in the environment: Distribution, toxicities and analyses 50
3.1. Introduction 50
3.2. Distribution 51
3.3. Toxicities 55
3.4. Analyses 59
3.5. Conclusion 65
References 65
Chapter 4. International practice in high-level nuclear waste management 74
4.1. Introduction 74
4.2. Definition and classification 78
4.3. Scope of the problem 79
4.4. Management of high-level nuclear waste 80
4.5. HLW disposal in various countries 85
4.6. Summary and conclusions 93
Acknowledgments 93
References 93
Chapter 5. Phytoremediation of some heavy metals by agronomic crops 96
5.1. Introduction 96
5.2. Phytoextraction 98
5.3. Rhizofiltration 102
5.4. Phytostabilization 103
5.5. Phytovolatilization 105
5.6. Phytomining 106
5.7. Conclusion 107
References 109
Chapter 6. Environmental geochemistry of trace metal pollution in urban watersheds 116
6.1. Introduction and Background 117
6.2. Sources and sinks of trace metals in the urban environment 120
6.3. Methodological considerations 131
6.4. Hydrological and geochemical processes 133
6.5. Summary of metal pollution trends 140
6.6. Concluding statement 141
References 142
Section II: Geochemistry in Surface- and Groundwater Research 150
Chapter 7. Geochemical cycling of trace and rare earth elements in Lake Tanganyika and its major tributaries 152
7.1. Introduction 153
7.2. Hydrogeological setting 154
7.3. Materials and methods 155
7.4. Results 157
7.5. Discussion 176
7.6. Conclusions 182
Acknowledgements 183
References 183
Chapter 8. Baseline water chemistry, nitrate concentrations, and aquifer sensitivity of glacial sequences in LaGrange County, Indiana 190
8.1. Background 191
5.2. Aquifers 192
8.3. Site selection 193
8.4. Groundwater chemistry 195
8.5. Conclusions and recommendations 206
Acknowledgments 208
References 208
Chapter 9. Agriculture-induced contamination of surface water and groundwater in Portugal 212
9.1. Agriculture, water quality and ecodevelopment 212
9.2. Nitrate pollution 214
9.3. Pesticides contamination and pollution 215
9.4. Phenolic compounds in two dams of Alentejo region (south Portugal) 217
9.5. Good agricultural practice for the protection of water resources 220
References 221
Chapter 10. Provenance and geochemistry of sediments in arsenic-affected areas of gangetic West Bengal, India 224
10.1. Introduction 224
10.2. Regional setting of the study area 226
10.3. Materials and methods 228
10.4. Results and discussion 232
10.5. Conclusion 242
Acknowledgments 244
References 244
Chapter 11. Rock-water interaction and its control on chemical composition of groundwater 246
11.1. General 246
11.2. Rock–water interaction 247
11.3. Rock–water interaction and hydrochemical patterns 257
References 259
Section III: Lithosphere–Hydrosphere Interactions: Applications of Geochemical Principles 262
Chapter 12. Association of dissolved organic carbon with stream discharge and dissolved metals concentrations in black shale-draining streams 264
12.1. Introduction 265
12.2. Materials and methods 267
12.3. Results 271
12.4. Discussion 279
12.5. Conclusions 283
Acknowledgments 284
References 285
Chapter 13. Mineral control of minor, trace and rare earth elements during black shale weathering at near-neutral pH 290
13.1. Introduction 291
13.2. Geological setting 293
13.3. Methods 293
13.4. Results 296
13.5. Factor loadings 303
13.6. Discussion 309
13.7. Conclusions 314
Acknowledgments 315
References 315
Chapter 14. Hydrogeology of uranium-bearing groundwater in forest catchments in the humid temperate climate: A case study in the Kanamaru area, Yamagata, Japan 320
14.1. Introduction 321
14.2. Topography, climate and geology 321
14.3. Methods 323
14.4. Results 326
14.5. Discussion 335
14.6. Conclusions 338
References 339
Section IV: Geochemistry in Soils Research 342
Chapter 15. Effects of incubation time and arsenic load on arsenic bioaccessibility in three Florida soils amended with sodium arsenate 344
15.1. Introduction 345
15.2. Materials and methods 347
15.3. Results and discussion 348
15.4. Conclusions 358
Acknowledgments 359
References 359
Chapter 16. A greenhouse study on soil-arsenic forms and their bioaccessibility in two chemically variant Florida soils amended with sodium arsenate pesticide: Preliminary results 362
16.1. Introduction 363
16.2. Materials and methods 364
16.3. Results and discussion 368
16.4. Conclusions 376
Acknowledgment 377
References 377
Chapter 17. Dissolution chemistry of inorganic selenium in alkaline mine soils 380
17.1. Introduction 381
17.2. Materials and methods 382
17.3. Results and discussion 385
17.4. Conclusion„Physicochemical and environmental significance 393
References 394
Chapter 18. Factors affecting spatial patterns of vadose-zone nitrate in south-central Kansas 398
18.1. Introduction 398
18.2. Results 402
18.3. Discussion 415
18.4. Conclusions 417
Acknowledgments 418
References 418
Appendix 1. Methods 420
Appendix 2. Statistical test results 422
Chapter 19. Using GIS to display complex soil salinity patterns in an inland salt marsh 424
19.1. Introduction 425
19.2. Methods 431
19.3. Results 435
19.4. Discussion 441
References 445
Section V: Environmental Biogeochemistry„Concepts and Case Studies 450
Chapter 20. Understanding spatial variability and its application to biogeochemistry analysis 452
20.1. Introduction 453
20.1. Concepts and methods 453
20.3. Case study 463
20.4. Remarks 474
Acknowledgements 476
References 477
Chapter 21. Use of plants in biotechnology: Synthesis of metal nanoparticles by inactivated plant tissues, plant extracts, and living plants 480
21.1. Introduction 481
21.2. Metal uptake by plants 482
21.3. Formation of metal nanoparticles by inactivated plant biomass 483
21.4. Formation of metal nanoparticles by living plants 490
21.5. Nanoparticle extraction 493
21.6. Applications of nanoparticles 494
21.7. Conclusions 496
Acknowledgments 496
References 497
Chapter 22. Phytorestoration of metal-contaminated industrial wasteland: A greenhouse feasibility study 504
22.1. Introduction 505
22.2. Materials and methods 506
22.3. Results and discussion 509
22.4. Conclusions 516
Acknowledgments 517
References 517
Chapter 23. Linkages between diet and metal accumulation in crayfish 520
23.1. Introduction 521
23.2. Methods 522
23.3. Results 524
23.4. Discussion 528
Acknowledgments 530
References 531
Chapter 24. Relations among land cover, vegetation index, and nitrate concentrations in streams of the Enoree River Basin, piedmont region of South Carolina, USA 532
24.1. Introduction 533
24.2. Study area 535
24.3. Methods 535
24.4. Results 542
24.5. Discussion 546
24.6. Conclusions 553
Acknowledgments 554
References 554
Section VI: Application of Geochemical Principles in Environmental Quality and Remediation Research 558
Chapter 25. Remediation of arsenical pesticide applied soils using water treatment residuals: Preliminary greenhouse results 560
25.1. Introduction 561
25.2. Materials and methods 563
25.3. Results and discussion 564
References 574
Chapter 26. Water quality issues in the outer coastal plains: New Jersey 578
26.1. Introduction 579
26.2. Factors affecting water quality 583
26.3. Conclusion 602
References 603
Chapter 27. Spatial and Temporal Trends in Surface Water Quality in a Segment of the San Antonio River, Texas 608
27.1. Introduction 608
27.2. Sampling locations 611
27.3. Methods and materials 611
27.4. Statistical analysis 613
27.5. Results 613
27.6. Discussion 619
27.7. Conclusions 623
Acknowledgments 623
References 624
Chapter 28. Beneficial utilization of drinking-water treatment residuals as contaminant-mitigating agents 626
28.1. What are WTRs? 627
28.2. Beneficial use of WTRs: The case of phosphorus 634
28.3. Potential limitations of WTR use 646
28.4. Future research needs 648
References 649
Chapter 29. Are soils the culprit? Linking natural and anthropogenic watershed processes to the degradation of the Chesapeake Bay 654
29.1. Introduction 655
29.2. Sampling locations 657
29.3. Field methods 661
29.4. Analytical methods 661
29.5. Results 663
29.6. Trace metal concentrations 665
29.7. Discussion 669
29.8. Summary and conclusions 675
Acknowledgment 677
References 677
Section VII: Applications of New Analytical and Quantitative Methods in Environmental Geochemistry Research 680
Chapter 30. Characterizing the surface chemistry of oxides with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy: Assessment regarding surface oxygen valence charge and acid-base properties 682
30.1. Introduction 683
30.2. Method 685
30.3. Discussion 687
30.4. Conclusion 697
Acknowledgments 698
References 698
Chapter 31. Arsenic speciation in soils: An analytical challenge for understanding arsenic biogeochemistry 702
31.1. Introduction 702
31.2. Arsenic speciation analysis in soil 706
31.3. Concluding remarks 719
References 720
Chapter 32. Surficial characterization of dioxin in Midland, Michigan, using non-euclidean geostatistics 726
32.1. Background 726
32.2. Case study: Midland, Michigan dioxin characterization 737
32.3. Conclusions 747
Acknowledgments 747
References 747
Chapter 33. Black shale weathering contribution to stream chemistry using end-member mixing analysis 750
33.1. Introduction 751
33.2. Methods 753
33.3. Results 756
33.4. Discussion 760
33.5. Conclusion 765
Acknowledgments 766
References 766
Section VIII: Conclusion 768
Chapter 34. Current trends and future directions in environmental geochemistry research 770
Index 776