Surface Production Operations, Volume 2: (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Surface Production Operations 2
Copyright Page 5
Contents 6
Acknowledgments 13
Preface 14
Chapter 1. Overview of Gas-Handling Facilities 16
Chapter 2. Heat Transfer Theory 22
Mechanisms of Heat Transfer 23
Process Heat Duty 50
Chapter 3. Heat Exchangers 62
Heat Exchangers 62
Shell-and-Hube Exchangers 63
Double-Pipe Exchangers 80
Plate-and-Frame Exchangers 80
Aerial Coolers 89
Fired Heater 97
Heat Recovery Units 98
Heat Exchanger Example Problem 101
Chapter 4. Hydrates 107
Determination of Hydrate Formation Temperature or Pressure 108
Condensation of Water Vapor 113
Temperature Drop Due to Gas Expansion 115
Thermodynamic Inhibitors 118
Kinetic Inhibitors and Anti-Agglomerators 122
Chapter 5. LTX Units and Line Heaters 124
LTX Units 125
Line Heaters 127
Heat Duty 128
Fire-Tuibe Size 130
Coil Sizing 131
Standard Size Line Heaters 135
Line Heater Design Example Problem 137
Chapter 6. Condensate Stabilization 145
Partial Pressures 146
Multistage Separation 146
Multiple Flashes at Constant Pressure and Increasing Temperature 147
Cold Feed Distillation Tower 149
Distillation Tower with Reflux 151
Condensate Stabilizer Design 152
Trays and Packing 156
Condensate Stabilizer as a Gas Processing Plant 164
LTX Unit as a Condensate Stabilizer 164
Chapter 7. Acid Gas Treating 166
Gas Sweetening Processes 171
Process Selection 194
Design Procedures for Iron-Sponge Units 195
Design Procedures for Amine Systems 200
Example Problems 205
Chapter 8. Gas Dehydration 210
Water Content Determination 211
Glycol Dehydration 211
Glycol Dehydration Example 237
Solid Bed Dehydration 243
Dry Desiccant Design Example 252
Chapter 9. Gas Processing 256
Absorption/Lean Oil 259
Refrigeration 261
Choice of Process 264
Chapter 10. Compressors 268
Types of Compressors 270
Specifying a Compressor 285
Reciprocating Compressors–Process Considerations 291
Centrifugal Compressors-Surge Control and Stonewalling 295
Centrifugal Compressors Process Considerations 296
Chapter 11. Reciprocating Compressors 301
Components 301
Cylinder Sizing 322
Rod Load 325
Cooling and Lubrication Systems 327
Pipe Sizing Considerations 332
Example Problem 336
Chapter 12. Mechanical Design of Pressure Vessels 342
Design Considerations 343
Inspection Procedures 348
Estimating Vessel Weights 350
Specification and Design of Pressure Vessels 355
Example Problem 366
Chapter 13. Pressure Relief 370
Relief Requirements 371
Type of Devices 375
Valve Sizing 382
Installation 389
Example Problems 395
Chapter 14. Safety Systems 401
Hazard Tree 402
Developing a Safe Process 409
Primary Defense 411
Failure Mode Effect Analysis–FMEA 411
Modified FMEA Approach 413
API Recommended Practice 14C 416
Manual Emergency Shutdown 420
Annunciation Systems 420
Function Matrix and Function Charts 421
Symbols 425
Hazards Analysis 433
Safety Management Systems 435
Safety Case and Individual Risk Rate 438
Chapter 15. Valves, Fittings, and Piping Details 440
Valve Types 441
Chokes 455
Piping Design Considerations 456
General Piping Design Details 463
Miscellaneous Piping Design Details 476
Chapter 16. Prime Movers 482
Reciprocating Engines 483
Gas Turbine Engines 492
Environmental Considerations 502
Chapter 17. Electrical Systems 508
Sources of Power 508
Power System Design 511
Hazardous Area (Location) Classification 515
Gas Detection Systems 528
Grounding 530
D.C. Power Supply 532
Categories of Devices 533
Limitations on Installation of Electrical Devices in Hazardous Areas 539
Wiring Methods 544
Corrosion Considerations 560
Electrical Standards and Codes 562
Index 568