Freshwater Ecology (eBook)

FRONT COVER 1
FRESHWATER ECOLOGY 4
COPYRIGHT PAGE 5
CONTENTS 6
PREFACE 16
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 18
CHAPTER 1 Why Study Continental Aquatic Systems? 20
Human Use of Water: Pressures on a Key Resource 24
What Is the Value of Water Quality? 27
Advanced: Methods for Assigning Values to Ecosystem Goods and Services 31
Climate Change and Water Resources 33
Politics, Science, and Water 35
Summary 36
Questions for Thought 37
CHAPTER 2 Properties of Water 38
Chemical and Physical Properties 39
Advanced: The Nature of Water 45
Relationships among Water Viscosity, Inertia, and Physical Parameters 46
Movement of Water 50
Advanced: Equations Describing Properties of Moving Water 56
Forces That Move Water 60
Summary 62
Questions for Thought 63
CHAPTER 3 Movement of Light, Heat, and Chemicals in Water 64
Diffusion of Chemicals in Water 65
Light in Water 71
Heat Balance in Water 80
Summary 82
Questions for Thought 82
CHAPTER 4 Hydrologic Cycle and Physiography of Groundwater Habitats 84
Habitats and the Hydrologic Cycle 85
Advanced: Prediction of Amount and Variability of Runoff with Global Climate Change 87
Movement of Water through Soil and Aquifers 89
Groundwater Habitats 95
Interaction of Groundwaters with Surface Waters 99
Summary 100
Questions for Thought 101
CHAPTER 5 Hydrology and Physiography of Wetland Habitats 102
Introduction and Definition of Wetland Habitats 103
Wetland Conservation and Mitigation 107
Wetland Types 108
Wetland Hydrology 119
Wetlands and Global Change 122
Summary 123
Questions for Thought 124
CHAPTER 6 Physiography of Flowing Water 126
Characterization of Streams 127
Stream Flow and Geology 135
Advanced: Classification of River and Stream Types as a Restoration and Management Tool 145
Movement of Materials by Rivers and Streams 146
Advanced: Characterizing the Movement of Dissolved Materials in Rivers and Streams 154
Summary 155
Questions for Thought 156
CHAPTER 7 Lakes and Reservoirs: Physiography 158
Formation: Geological Processes 159
Lake Habitats and Morphometry 170
Unique Properties of Reservoirs 174
Stratification 175
Water Movement and Currents in Lakes 181
Summary 184
Questions for Thought 185
CHAPTER 8 Types of Aquatic Organisms 186
The Species Concept 187
Advanced: Molecular Methods for Assessing Microbial Diversity in Natural Environments 191
Major Taxonomic Groups 193
Classification of Organisms by Function, Habitats, and Interactions 195
Organisms Found in Freshwaters 199
Summary 201
Questions for Thought 201
CHAPTER 9 Microbes and Plants 204
Viruses 206
Archaea 209
Bacteria 210
Protoctista 217
Fungi 229
Plantae 231
Summary 238
Questions for Thought 238
CHAPTER 10 Multicellular Animals 240
Invertebrates 241
Phylum Chordata, Subphylum Vertebrata 271
Summary 274
Questions for Thought 276
CHAPTER 11 Evolution of Organisms and Biodiversity of Freshwaters 278
Measures of Diversity 280
Temporal and Spatial Factors Influencing Evolution of Freshwater Organisms 282
Short-Term Factors Influencing Local Distribution of Species 289
Genetics and Populations of Species 294
Advanced: Populations and Their Spatial Distribution 295
Invasions of Nonnative Species 297
Extinction 301
What Is the Value of Freshwater Species Diversity? 306
Summary 307
Questions for Thought 307
CHAPTER 12 Aquatic Chemistry and Factors Controlling Nutrient Cycling: Redox and O[sub(2)] 308
Chemicals in Freshwaters 309
Redox Potential, Potential Energy, and Chemical Transformations 315
Oxygen: Forms and Transformations 320
Photosynthesis 322
Respiration 329
Controls of Distribution of Dissolved Oxygen in the Environment 331
Summary 338
Questions for Thought 339
CHAPTER 13 Carbon 342
Forms of Carbon 343
Transformations of Carbon 349
A Conceptual Introduction to Nutrient Cycling 356
The Carbon Cycle 359
Advanced: Hydrogen and Carbon Cycling 360
Summary 361
Questions for Thought 361
CHAPTER 14 Nitrogen, Sulfur, Phosphorus, and Other Nutrients 364
Nitrogen 366
Sulfur 376
Phosphorus 379
Silicon, Iron, and Other Trace Nutrient Cycles 382
Cycling of Other Elements 387
Gradients of Redox and Nutrient Cycles and Interactions among the Cycles 388
Summary 391
Questions for Thought 392
CHAPTER 15 Unusual or Extreme Habitats 394
Adaptations to Extremes 396
Saline Lakes 399
Advanced: Chemistry of Saline Lakes and Salt Production 401
Hot Springs 402
Cold Habitats 405
Temporary Waters and Small Pools 408
Ultraoligotrophic Habitats 412
Hypereutrophic Habitats 412
Deep Subsurface Habitats 413
The Water Surface Layer 415
Summary 417
Questions for Thought 417
CHAPTER 16 Responses to Stress, Toxic Chemicals, and Other Pollutants in Aquatic Ecosystems 418
Basic Toxicology 422
Bioassessment 425
Organic Pollutants 427
Pharmaceuticals and Endocrine Disruptors 434
Acid Precipitation 436
Metals and Other Inorganic Pollutants 444
Salt Pollution 449
Suspended Solids 450
Thermal Pollution 451
Human-Induced Increases in UV Radiation 453
Summary 454
Questions for Thought 455
CHAPTER 17 Nutrient Use and Remineralization 456
Use of Nutrients 457
Nutrient Limitation and Relative Availability 465
Resource Ratios and Stoichiometry of Primary Producers 473
Nutrient Remineralization 473
Stoichiometry of Heterotrophs, Their Food, and Nutrient Remineralization 481
Summary 485
Questions for Thought 486
CHAPTER 18 Trophic State and Eutrophication 488
Definition of Trophic State 490
Advanced: Determining Reference Nutrient Conditions in Freshwater Environments 494
Why Do Algal Blooms Caused by Nutrient Pollution Matter in Lakes? 495
Natural and Cultural Processes of Eutrophication 496
Relationships among Nutrients, Water Clarity, and Phytoplankton: Managing Eutrophication in Lakes 500
Advanced: Empirical Relationships Used to Predict Control of Eutrophication 504
Mitigating Lake Eutrophication 506
Managing Eutrophication in Streams and Rivers 514
Case Studies of Eutrophication in Lakes and Lotic Systems 515
Managing Eutrophication in Wetlands 522
Summary 525
Questions for Thought 526
CHAPTER 19 Behavior and Interactions among Microorganisms and Invertebrates 528
Behavior of Microorganisms 530
Interaction Types in Communities 534
Predation and Parasitism Including the Microbial Loop 535
Competition 553
Mutualism: Facilitation and Syntrophy 558
Chemical Mediation of Microbial Interactions 561
Summary 562
Questions for Thought 563
CHAPTER 20 Predation and Food Webs 564
Herbivory 565
Detritivory 567
Omnivory 569
Adaptation to Predation Pressure 572
Adaptations of Predators 576
Nonlethal Effects of Predation 579
Trophic Levels, Food Webs, and Food Chains 580
The Trophic Cascade 580
Summary 587
Questions for Thought 588
CHAPTER 21 Nonpredatory Interspecific Interactions among Plants and Animals in Freshwater Communities 590
Competition 591
Mutualism and Facilitation 600
Other Species Interactions 602
Summary 603
Questions for Thought 604
CHAPTER 22 Complex Community Interactions 606
Disturbance 607
Succession 611
Indirect Interactions 617
Strong Interactors 621
Theoretical Community Ecology and Aquatic Food Webs 622
Thresholds and Alternative Stable States 624
Invasion and Extinction Revisited 625
Summary 627
Questions for Thought 628
CHAPTER 23 Fish Ecology and Fisheries 630
Biogeographical and Environmental Determinants of Fish Assemblage Diversity 631
Physiological Aspects Influencing Growth, Survival, and Reproduction 636
Population Dynamics of Fishes 640
Regulating Exploitation of Fish Stocks 646
Stocking Fish for Fisheries 648
Aquaculture 649
Summary 651
Questions for Thought 652
CHAPTER 24 Freshwater Ecosystems 654
General Approaches to Ecosystems 655
Secondary Production 657
Energy Fluxes and Nutrient Cycling 661
Nutrient Budgets 662
Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function 665
Groundwater Ecosystems 667
Streams and Rivers 669
Lakes and Reservoirs 677
Advanced: Reservoirs as Unique Ecosystems 681
Wetlands 682
Whole Ecosystem Experiments 687
Comparison of Freshwater Ecosystems 688
Summary 691
Questions for Thought 692
CHAPTER 25 Conclusions 694
APPENDIX: Experimental Design in Aquatic Ecology 698
Natural Observations and Experiments 700
Multivariate Methods 701
Simulation Modeling 704
Manipulative Experiments 704
Whole System Manipulations 706
Summary 707
GLOSSARY 710
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REFERENCES 738
TAXONOMIC INDEX 806
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SUBJECT INDEX 814
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COLOR PLATES 831