Bemisia: Bionomics and Management of a Global Pest (eBook)
XVIII, 540 Seiten
Springer Netherland (Verlag)
978-90-481-2460-2 (ISBN)
Bemisia tabaci (Gennedius) has distinguished itself from the more than 1,000 whitefly species in the world by its adaptability, persistence and potential to damage a wide range of agricultural and horticultural crops in all six of the world's inhabited continents. B. tabaci inflicts plant damage through direct feeding, inducement of plant disorders, vectoring of plant viruses and excretion of honeydew. This book collates multiple aspects of the pest ranging from basic to applied science and molecular to landscape levels of investigation. Experts in multiple disciplines provide broad, but detailed summaries and discussion of taxonomy, genetics, anatomy, morphology, physiology, behavior, ecology, symbiotic relationships, virus vector associations and various tactics for integrated management of this pest insect. The book is focused primarily on progress during the last 10-15 years and is directed at workers in the field as well as the informed professional who may not necessarily specialize in whitefly research. The book is unique in providing broad coverage in relatively few chapters by recognized experts that highlight the state-of-the-art in our understanding of this fascinating but troublesome cosmopolitan pest.
Phil Stansly
Dr. Stansly had his first experience in entomology establishing ladybeetles for biological control of scale insects in date groves of Northern Niger, (1973-1976). He then received his master's degree in zoology from the University of Oklahoma (1978), using the ladybeetle work as a thesis. He earned a Ph.D. in Entomology from Texas A&M (1984) studying the ecology of the boll weevil Anthonomus grandis on native host plants in Tabasco, Mexico. As a post-doctoral associate for the State University of New York at Stony Brook (1985-1986), he studied the ecology of mound-building, nasute termites in the llanos of Venezuela. In 1986, Dr. Stansly joined the University of Florida faculty as head of a project to implement IPM with row-crop farmers of Coastal Ecuador, financed by USAID (1986-1989). He came to the University of Florida Research and Education center in Immokalee in 1989, where his research and extension activities focused on management of Bemisia tabaci and associated viruses in vegetables, as well as on biological control and integrated pest management in citrus, vegetables and sugarcane. He is author or co-author of 400 professional and trade journal articles, book chapters and extension articles, of which 134 relate specifically to Bemisia.
Steven Naranjo
Dr. Naranjo holds a Ph.D. (1987) in Entomology from Cornell University, a M.S. (1983) in Entomology from the University of Florida, and a B.S. (1978) in Zoology from Colorado State University. Dr. Naranjo joined the USDA, Agricultural Research Service in 1988 and currently serves as Research Leader for the Pest Management and Biocontrol Research Unit at the Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center in Maricopa, Arizona. He is internationally recognized for his research in insect sampling and decision aids, integrated pest management, conservation biological control, insect predator ecology, and assessment of nontarget impacts of transgenic crops. Dr. Naranjo was a key architect in the development and implementation of a highly successful IPM program for sweetpotato whitefly in Arizona cotton that has been widely adopted in other parts of the world. He has authored over 170 peer-reviewed papers, book chapters and technical articles, served as Co-Editor-in-Chief of the international journal Crop Protection from 1995-2006, and is currently Subject Editor for Environmental Entomology, overseeing the journal section 'Transgenic Plants and Insects'. Dr. Naranjo holds an adjunct appointment in the Department of Entomology at the University of Arizona.
Bemisia tabaci (Gennedius) has distinguished itself from the more than 1,000 whitefly species in the world by its adaptability, persistence and potential to damage a wide range of agricultural and horticultural crops in all six of the world's inhabited continents. B. tabaci inflicts plant damage through direct feeding, inducement of plant disorders, vectoring of plant viruses and excretion of honeydew. This book collates multiple aspects of the pest ranging from basic to applied science and molecular to landscape levels of investigation. Experts in multiple disciplines provide broad, but detailed summaries and discussion of taxonomy, genetics, anatomy, morphology, physiology, behavior, ecology, symbiotic relationships, virus vector associations and various tactics for integrated management of this pest insect. The book is focused primarily on progress during the last 10-15 years and is directed at workers in the field as well as the informed professional who may not necessarily specialize in whitefly research. The book is unique in providing broad coverage in relatively few chapters by recognized experts that highlight the state-of-the-art in our understanding of this fascinating but troublesome cosmopolitan pest.
Phil StanslyDr. Stansly had his first experience in entomology establishing ladybeetles for biological control of scale insects in date groves of Northern Niger, (1973-1976). He then received his master's degree in zoology from the University of Oklahoma (1978), using the ladybeetle work as a thesis. He earned a Ph.D. in Entomology from Texas A&M (1984) studying the ecology of the boll weevil Anthonomus grandis on native host plants in Tabasco, Mexico. As a post-doctoral associate for the State University of New York at Stony Brook (1985-1986), he studied the ecology of mound-building, nasute termites in the llanos of Venezuela. In 1986, Dr. Stansly joined the University of Florida faculty as head of a project to implement IPM with row-crop farmers of Coastal Ecuador, financed by USAID (1986-1989). He came to the University of Florida Research and Education center in Immokalee in 1989, where his research and extension activities focused on management of Bemisia tabaci and associated viruses in vegetables, as well as on biological control and integrated pest management in citrus, vegetables and sugarcane. He is author or co-author of 400 professional and trade journal articles, book chapters and extension articles, of which 134 relate specifically to Bemisia.Steven NaranjoDr. Naranjo holds a Ph.D. (1987) in Entomology from Cornell University, a M.S. (1983) in Entomology from the University of Florida, and a B.S. (1978) in Zoology from Colorado State University. Dr. Naranjo joined the USDA, Agricultural Research Service in 1988 and currently serves as Research Leader for the Pest Management and Biocontrol Research Unit at the Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center in Maricopa, Arizona. He is internationally recognized for his research in insect sampling and decision aids, integrated pest management, conservation biological control, insect predator ecology, and assessment of nontarget impacts of transgenic crops. Dr. Naranjo was a key architect in the development and implementation of a highly successful IPM program for sweetpotato whitefly in Arizona cotton that has been widely adopted in other parts of the world. He has authored over 170 peer-reviewed papers, book chapters and technical articles, served as Co-Editor-in-Chief of the international journal Crop Protection from 1995-2006, and is currently Subject Editor for Environmental Entomology, overseeing the journal section "Transgenic Plants and Insects". Dr. Naranjo holds an adjunct appointment in the Department of Entomology at the University of Arizona.
Contents 5
Contributors 8
Introduction 12
Literature Cited 15
Section I Taxonomy, Molecular Systematics, and Gene Flow in the Bemisia tabaci Complex and Bemisia Relatives 16
Introduction 16
1 Systematics of Bemisia and Bemisia Relatives: Can Molecular Techniques Solve the Bemisia tabaci Complex Conundrum A Taxonomists Viewpoint 20
Introduction 20
History of the Problem 20
The Problem 21
Problems in Whitefly Systematics 23
Morphological Studies: A Versus B Biotype 28
What All This Means 38
Conclusions 41
Literature Cited 15
2 Phylogenetic Biology of the Bemisia tabaci Sibling Species Group 45
Introduction 45
TheBemisia tabaci Sibling Species Group or Assemblage 48
Historical Underpinnings 48
The Invasion of the B Biotype 49
Taxonomic Conundrums 50
From Concept to Working Definition 52
Biological Criteria for B. tabaci Biotypes 55
Biotype Classification and Nomenclature 55
Molecular Markers and Phylogeography 58
Mitochondrial Molecular Markers 58
Cytochrome Oxidase I 59
Phlogenetic Relationships Are Generally Congruent with Extant Geography 59
Global Genetic Divergence 60
Selection and Differentiation 60
Nuclear Markers 61
18S rRNA Gene 61
Non-coding Nuclear Sequences -- Ribosomal ITS1 61
Sodium Voltage Gated Channel Gene Intron 62
Some Biological Characteristics Used to Differentiate Biotypes 62
Host Range and Preference 62
Monophagous Biotypes 62
Polyphagous Biotypes 63
Habitat 64
Host Range 64
Dispersal Behavior 65
Silvering Phenotype in Cucurbita spp. (and Other Hosts that Exhibit Phytotoxic-Like Symptoms) 66
Gene Flow and Reproductive Isolation 66
Evidence from Reciprocal Crosses Under Laboratory Conditions 66
Specific Results and Trends 67
Sympatry and Sister Clades 68
Allopatry 69
Endosymbionts of the B. tabaci Complex 70
Secondary Symbionts 71
Wolbachia and Cardinium Infection 71
Conclusions 72
Literature Cited 74
3 Tools and Recent Progress in Studying Gene Flow and Population Genetics of the Bemisia tabaci Sibling Species Group 82
Introduction 82
Protein Markers 86
Enzyme Electrophoresis 86
Uses, Assumptions, and Limitations 86
Applications of Allozyme Analysis to Bemisia tabaci 87
Protein Polymorphisms 88
Esterases as Markers 90
DNA-Level Markers 91
RFLP Analysis 91
Uses, Assumptions, and Limitations 91
Applications of RFLP Analysis to Bemisia tabaci 92
DNA-Level, PCR-Based Markers 93
RAPD Analysis 93
Uses, Assumptions, and Limitations 94
Applications of RAPD Analysis to Bemisia tabaci 95
AFLP Analysis 100
Uses, Assumptions, and Limitations 100
Applications of AFLP Analysis to in Bemisia tabaci 102
Microsatellite Analysis 103
Uses, Assumptions, and Limitations 104
Applications of Microsatellite Analysis in Bemisia tabaci 105
Additional Considerations and Future Directions 107
Conclusions 109
Literature Cited 110
Section II Biology and Ecology of Bemisia tabaci 117
Introduction 117
Literature Cited 119
4 Life History, Functional Anatomy, Feeding and Mating Behavior 120
Introduction 120
Morphology of Life Stages 120
Egg Stage 120
Nymphal Stage 121
''Pupal'' Stage 125
Adult 126
Head 126
Thorax 129
Abdomen 130
Molting 132
Feeding Apparatus and Feeding 133
Mouthpart Morphology 133
Adults 133
Nymphs 136
Mechanics of Stylet Penetration 137
Adults 137
Nymphs 141
Precibarium and Cibarial Pump 141
Saliva 142
Salivary Glands 142
Sheath Saliva 143
Watery Saliva 144
Salivary Components 145
Feeding Behavior 146
Alimentary Canal 152
Courtship and Mating 158
Specific Mating Behaviors of Three Bemisia tabaci Biotypes 158
Male Searching and Initial Contact Between Sexes 158
Parallel Positioning 159
Antennal Drumming 159
Male Abdominal Undulation 160
Body Pushing 160
Male Positioning 160
Copulation 160
Post-copulation 161
Male Interference 161
The Mating Behavior Cascade and Mate Discrimination 161
Mating Behavior and Competitive Advantage of Biotype B 163
Conclusions 163
Literature Cited 164
5 Mutualistic and Dependent Relationships with Other Organisms 172
Introduction 172
Symbiotic Relationships 172
Bacteriocyte Associated Endosymbionts 173
Types of Endosymbiotic Relationships 174
Endoymbionts Role in Nutrient Provisioning 177
Provisioning in Aphids 177
Provisioning in Whiteflies 177
The Role of Secondary Symbionts in Whitefly Biology 178
Potential for Symbiont Manipulation and Pest Management 179
Role of Whitefly Endosymbionts in Virus Transmission 180
Begomovirus GroEL-Relationships 180
Use of B. tabaci Endosymbiotic GroEL in Diagnostic Tests 181
Transgenic Plants Expressing the GroEL Confer Broad-Range Virus Resistance 182
Intra- and Interspecific Interactions with Herbivores 183
Importance of Intra- and Interspecific Interactions in B. tabaci Biology 183
Positive Interactions of Bemisia feeding 184
Competition Among Whiteflies 185
Competition Between Whiteflies and Other Herbivores 186
Conclusions 186
Literature Cited 187
6 Population Dynamics, Demography, Dispersal and Spread of Bemisia tabaci 195
Introduction 195
Sampling Populations 196
Demography 197
Life History Studies 198
Sex Ratio 198
Life Tables 202
Dispersal, Migration and Seasonality 205
Measuring Movement and Flight Behavior 205
Seasonality and Metapopulations 208
Invasion and Spread 210
The Invasion Process 212
Mating Interactions 212
Host Plant Effects 213
Insecticide Resistance 215
Whitefly--Begomovirus Interactions 216
Future Invasion Threats 216
Population Outbreaks 216
Historical Outbreaks 217
India -- 1920s 218
Israel -- 1930s and 1940s 218
Brazil -- 1970s 218
Factors Contributing to Outbreaks 219
Climate 219
Agriculture 219
Biotic Potential 220
Management 221
Population Models 222
Conclusions 223
Literature Cited 225
Section III Biology and Epidemiology of Bemisia -Vectored Viruses 237
Introduction 237
Viruses Transmitted by Bemisia spp 237
Begomoviruses 237
Criniviruses 238
Ipomoviruses 239
Other Viruses 239
Whitefly Diversity and Virus Transmission 239
Conclusions 240
Literature Cited 240
7 Epidemiology of a Whitefly-Transmitted Cassava Mosaic Geminivirus Pandemic in Africa 242
Introduction 242
An Overview of Cassava Mosaic Geminiviruses, Whiteflies and the Epidemiology of the CMD Pandemic 243
Cassava Mosaic Geminivirus Biology 243
CMG Transmission 244
Vector Host Interactions 245
The CMD Pandemic 245
The CMD Pandemic: New Insights and Research Gaps 246
What Caused the Changes in the Impact of CMD-causing Viruses on Cassava Plants? 246
A Recombinant Virus Is Associated with the Pandemic 246
Virus--Virus Synergism Enhances Symptom Severity 247
Molecular Complementation Facilitates Synergism 247
Virus-Host Dynamics Change Following the Passage of the Pandemic 'Front' 247
Why Are B.tabaci Whiteflies Super-Abundant in the Pandemic-Affected Zone? 249
B. tabaci Has Adapted Rapidly to Cassava 249
Both Genetic and Environmental Factors Have Been Proposed as Causes of Super-Abundance 250
What Are the Factors Behind the Rapid Local Spread of the Pandemic? 251
Two Key Changes in the CMD Pathosystem Have Driven the Pandemic 251
Evidence for the Origins of Changes in Both Virus and Vector Remains Inconclusive 253
What Are the Factors Behind the Rapid Regional Spread of the Pandemic? 253
The Flight Capabilities of B. tabaci Permit Mid-range Migration 253
Patterns of Whitefly Migration and Resulting Regional Pandemic Spread Are Influenced by Environmental Factors 255
The CMD Pandemic Is not Spread by Growers Carrying Infected Cassava Cuttings from Pandemic Affected to Unaffected Regions 256
Can the Spread of the CMD Pandemic Be Halted? 257
Host Plant Resistance Provides Effective CMD Control 257
Pre-emptive Deployment of Resistant Varieties Has Been Used to Enhance the Response Times of CMD Mitigation Programmes 258
Biological and Socio-political Factors Preclude the Halting of the Pandemic 258
The Pandemic Can Be Confined to, and Managed in Africa 260
Conclusions 260
Questions to Direct Future Research Efforts 261
Literature Cited 262
8 Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Disease Epidemics 267
Introduction 267
Genetic Diversity of TYLCD-Associated Viruses 268
Virus-Vector Interactions in the TYLCD Complex 269
Cultivated Hosts and Wild Reservoirs of TYLCD-Associated Viruses 274
Recombination as a Key Force Driving Evolution of TYLCD-Associated Virus Populations 275
Diagnosis of TYLCD-Associated Viruses 280
Polymerase Chain-Reaction 280
RFLP Analysis of PCR-Amplified Products 281
Nucleic Acid Hybridization 281
Rolling Circle Amplification (RCA) sing 29 RNA Polymerase 282
Management of TYLCD Epidemics 282
Conclusions 285
Literature Cited 285
9 Distribution and Dissemination of Begomoviruses in Latin America and the Caribbean 291
Introduction 291
Historical Background 291
The Original Begomoviruses 291
Original Begomovirus Reservoirs 292
The Vector:Bemisia tabaci 293
The Origin of Begomovirus Epidemics in Latin America 294
Main Crops Affected by Begomoviruses in Latin America 295
Common Bean 295
South America 295
Central America 297
Northern Mexico 298
Tomato 299
South America 299
Mexico 302
Central America 303
Caribbean Region 305
Sweet and Hot Peppers 305
Cucurbits 306
Potato 307
Tobacco 308
Soybean 309
Fruit Crops 310
Integrated Whitefly and Begomovirus Management 310
Literature Cited 317
10 Transmission Efficiency and Epidemiology of Criniviruses 327
Introduction 327
Crinivirus Epidemiology Is Influenced by Vector Whitefly Population Shifts 329
Unique Vector Transmission Characteristics of Tomato Criniviruses 330
Factors Influencing Crinivirus Transmission Efficiency 331
Does the Host Plant Influence Crinivirus Transmission by Whitefly Vectors? 333
Literature Cited 337
11 A Review of Ipomoviruses and Watermelon Vine Declinein Florida 340
Ipomoviruses 340
Watermelon Vine Decline in Florida 341
Squash Vein Yellowing Virus 341
Literature Cited 343
12 Transovarial Transmission of Begomoviruses in Bemisia tabaci 345
Introduction 345
Are Begomoviruses Transmitted Transovarially? 346
Conclusions 349
Literature Cited 350
Section IV Management of Bemisia in Diverse Cropping Systems 352
Introduction 352
13 Optical Manipulation for Control of Bemisia tabaci and Its Vectored Viruses in the Greenhouse and Open Field 354
Introduction 354
Light Manipulation in Protected Crops 355
UV-Absorbing Films Protect Greenhouses from Insect Invasion and Spread of Virus Diseases 355
The Effect of the Chemical Attributes of UV-Blocking Films on Their Protection Capacity 355
Effect of UV Absorbing Films on Natural Enemies 356
Effect of UV-Absorbing Films on Pollinators 356
Putative Mechanism of UV-Blocking Films 357
Light Manipulation in the Open Field 357
Soil Mulches Protect Crops in the Open Field 357
The Putative Mechanism of Action of Colored Soil Mulches 358
Conclusions 359
Literature Cited 359
14 Host Plant Resistance for the Management of Bemisia tabaci: A Multi-crop Survey with Emphasis on Tomato 362
Introduction 362
Innate Resistance in Tomato: The MI-1 Gene 363
Induced Resistance in Tomato 373
Plant Resistance to B. tabaci in Other Crops 375
Final Remarks 381
Literature Cited 382
15 Natural Enemies of Bemisia tabaci: Predators and Parasitoids 389
Introduction 389
Predator Biology and Ecology 390
Coleoptera 390
Heteroptera 393
Neuroptera 394
Diptera 394
Acarina 394
Parasitoid Biology and Ecology 395
Encarsia 397
Encarsia formosa 397
Encarsia bimaculata 398
Encarsia porteri (Mercet) 399
Encarsia sophia (= En. transvena Timberlake) 399
Other Encarsia species 400
Eretmocerus 400
Eretmocerus mundus 400
Eretmocerus eremicus (= Er. nr. californicus ) 401
Eretmocerus queenslandensis Naumann and Schmidt 401
Eretmocerus sp. nr. furuhashii 401
Eretmocerus emiratus Zolnerowich and Rose (Ethiopia) 401
Other Eretmocerus sp. 401
Behavior 402
Dispersal 402
Functional Responses and Handling Times 402
Influence of Host Volatiles and Chemical Cues on Behaviour 402
Foraging on the Leaf 403
Ovipositional Marking 403
Host Feeding and Egg Production 404
Natural Enemy Interaction 404
Intraguild Predation 404
Parasitoid--Parasitoid Interactions 405
Entomopathogen-Parasitoid and Predator Interactions 406
Natural Enemy-Plant Interactions 406
Relevance of Interactions Between Natural Mortality Factors to Biological Control 408
Utilization, Monitoring, and Assessing the Impact of Natural Enemies 408
Utilization 409
Predators 409
Parasitoids 409
Monitoring and Impact Assessment 410
Predators 410
Parasitoids 411
Life Table Studies 411
Conclusions 412
Literature Cited 413
16 Ecological Determinants of Bemisia tabaci Resistanceto Insecticides 426
Introduction 426
Ecological Characteristics of B. tabaci as a Resistance Recidivist 428
Polyphagy 428
r-Selection 430
Dispersal 431
Adaptability 432
Integrated Control 433
Agro-Ecology of Resistance 434
Agro-Environment 434
Closed Versus Open Systems 434
Intermittent Monoculture Versus Continuous Polyculture 436
Patterns of Resistance 438
Stable Versus Unstable Resistance 438
Rates of Resistance Evolution 440
Cross Resistance 445
Biotype 447
Resistance Management 451
Minimize Insecticide Use 452
Diversify Insecticide Use 454
Refine Insecticide Use 458
Conclusions 460
Literature Cited 462
17 Integrated Systems for Managing Bemisia tabaci in Protected and Open Field Agriculture 469
Introduction 469
Biologically Based Management of B. tabaciin Protected Vegetable Crops 471
Key Pests of Greenhouse Vegetables 471
Damage to Vegetable Crops Caused by Bemisia tabaci 472
Greenhouse Exclusion Technology 472
Host Plant Resistance 473
Biological Control of Bemisia tabaci 474
Entomopathogenic Fungi 474
Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae 475
Heteroptera: Miridae 476
Acari: Phytoseiidae 476
Compatibility of Various Pest Control Practices 477
Compatibility of Pesticides with Biological Control 478
Area-Wide Management of Whitefly in Open Field Crops 479
Management System for Cotton in the Desert Southwest USA 481
Cultural Control 482
Host Plant Resistance 483
Biological Control 483
Monitoring and Treatment Decisions 484
Management in Alfalfa in the Desert Southwest USA 485
Vegetables in the USA Desert Southwest and Elsewhere 486
Action Thresholds for Whiteflies in Open-Field Vegetables 487
Role of Biological Control and Adaptation of Augmentative Control Practices 488
Conclusions 490
Literature Cited 491
Section V Prospects for the Application of Genomics 500
Introduction 500
Consortium Partner Countries and Participants (2009) 502
History of Synergistic Activities 503
Literature Cited 503
18 The Whitefly Genome White Paper: A Proposal to Sequence Multiple Genomes of Bemisia tabaci 504
Introduction 504
Homopteran Model 506
Cryptic Species 506
Systematics Model -- Sibling Species Group 507
Subtropical Homopteran Model -- Comparative Biology 507
Reproduction -- Haplodiploidy, Reproductive Isolation, and Speciation 510
B. tabaci Biotypes as a Model for Ongoing Speciation 511
Whitefly-Begomovirus Interactions: A Cross Kingdom Model 512
The Whitefly Transcriptome 515
Genome Size of the Whitefly, B. tabaci 515
Activation and Repression of B. tabaci Stress-Response Gene from Insecticide Application, Parasitism by Natural Enemies and High Temperature 516
Insecticide Application 516
Parasitism by Natural Enemies 516
High Temperatures 518
Knowledge Base and Available Tools 518
Colonies of B. tabaci 518
Nuclear Genome Size of B. tabaci 518
Expressed Sequence Tags 518
Spotted cDNA Microarrays -- Functional Genomics 520
Gene Silencing 521
Top Candidate Biotypes for Genome-Transcriptome Sequencing 521
B Biotype 521
A Biotype 521
Q Biotype 522
Others 522
Available Annotation Tools 523
Model Insects 523
Sequencing and De Novo Assembly of Whitefly Endosymbiont Genomes -- The Microbiome 523
Synergy Other Genome Projects and User Communities 524
The User Community is Global 524
Insect Genome Projects 525
Some Relevant Websites 525
Conclusions 525
Literature Cited 527
Index 536
| Erscheint lt. Verlag | 16.6.2010 |
|---|---|
| Zusatzinfo | XVIII, 540 p. |
| Verlagsort | Dordrecht |
| Sprache | englisch |
| Themenwelt | Medizin / Pharmazie |
| Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Botanik | |
| Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Evolution | |
| Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Genetik / Molekularbiologie | |
| Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Zoologie | |
| Technik | |
| Weitere Fachgebiete ► Land- / Forstwirtschaft / Fischerei | |
| Schlagworte | Bemisia Tabaci • cropping systems • crops • genes • Genetics • greenhouse • Insect Ecology • Insect Vectored Plant Viruses • Integrated Pest Management • Model invertebrates • Molecular Phylogeny and Genomics • Morphology • Systematics |
| ISBN-10 | 90-481-2460-3 / 9048124603 |
| ISBN-13 | 978-90-481-2460-2 / 9789048124602 |
| Haben Sie eine Frage zum Produkt? |
PDF (Wasserzeichen)Größe: 10,2 MB
DRM: Digitales Wasserzeichen
Dieses eBook enthält ein digitales Wasserzeichen und ist damit für Sie personalisiert. Bei einer missbräuchlichen Weitergabe des eBooks an Dritte ist eine Rückverfolgung an die Quelle möglich.
Dateiformat: PDF (Portable Document Format)
Mit einem festen Seitenlayout eignet sich die PDF besonders für Fachbücher mit Spalten, Tabellen und Abbildungen. Eine PDF kann auf fast allen Geräten angezeigt werden, ist aber für kleine Displays (Smartphone, eReader) nur eingeschränkt geeignet.
Systemvoraussetzungen:
PC/Mac: Mit einem PC oder Mac können Sie dieses eBook lesen. Sie benötigen dafür einen PDF-Viewer - z.B. den Adobe Reader oder Adobe Digital Editions.
eReader: Dieses eBook kann mit (fast) allen eBook-Readern gelesen werden. Mit dem amazon-Kindle ist es aber nicht kompatibel.
Smartphone/Tablet: Egal ob Apple oder Android, dieses eBook können Sie lesen. Sie benötigen dafür einen PDF-Viewer - z.B. die kostenlose Adobe Digital Editions-App.
Buying eBooks from abroad
For tax law reasons we can sell eBooks just within Germany and Switzerland. Regrettably we cannot fulfill eBook-orders from other countries.
aus dem Bereich
