Knowledge and Technology Transfer for Plant Pathology (eBook)

Dr Hardwick gained a PhD from Imperial College, London. He worked for government as an advisory plant pathologist and researcher on diseases of arable crop plants in Zambia and the UK. He's a past president of the British Society for Plant Pathology. Maria Lodovica Gullino is a professor of plant pathology at the University of Torino and President of the International Society for Plant Pathology. She has long term experience in plant disease management.

Preface 6
Contents 8
Contributors 9
Chapter 1 12
Plant Healthcare for Poor Farmers Around the World: Gathering Demand and Innovative Responses 12
1.1 Introduction 12
1.2 Plant Health Clinics 16
1.3 Plant Doctors 19
1.4 Plant Health Systems 23
1.5 Surveillance and New Disease Records 24
1.6 ‘Going Public’ and Public Plant Health Campaigns 25
1.7 Ethnopathology 26
1.8 Conclusions 26
References 26
Chapter 2 28
Participatory Approaches and Plant Diseases in Less Developed Countries 28
2.1 Introduction 28
2.2 Complex Messages 29
2.3 Participatory Approaches 31
2.3.1 Participatory Training 31
2.3.2 Participatory Research 36
Box 2.1 Managing bacterial wilt in tomato, Vietnam 32
Box 2.2 Rational pesticide use in a perennial crop 34
Box 2.3 Cotton grading in Zimbabwe 35
Box 2.4 Discovering about vegetable nematode management in Ghana 36
Box 2.5 Integrating old and new ideas to manage frosty pod rot on cocoa in Central America 37
2.4 Regarding Impact 38
Box 2.6 Participatory video 39
Box 2.7 Cocoa farmers’ newspaper in Ghana 40
2.5 Discussion 40
References 42
Chapter 3 43
Technology Adoption: Classroom in the Cocoa Block 43
3.1 Introduction 43
3.2 The Cocoa Industry in PNG 43
3.3 Smallholder Farmers in PNG 45
3.3.1 Constraints Faced by Smallholders 46
3.4 Participatory Action Research 47
3.5 Management Options for Cocoa in PNG 49
3.5.1 IPDM for Cocoa 50
3.5.2 Implementing IPDM Options Through Training Workshops and Demonstration Trials 51
3.5.3 What to Avoid 52
3.5.4 Monitoring and Review 52
3.5.5 Case Studies 53
3.6 Conclusions 53
References 54
Chapter 4 55
Scholarship of Teaching and Learning (SoTL) Projects in Plant Pathology 55
4.1 Introduction 55
4.2 SoTL Projects in Our Classroom 56
4.2.1 Example 1: The Effectiveness of Different Media and Instructional Methods 57
4.2.2 Example 2: The Impact of Web Based Assignments 58
4.2.3 Example 3: The Relevance of Course Information to Student’s Lives 60
4.3 Why Do SoTL? 61
References 63
Chapter 5 64
Technology Transfer in Extension: Experience in the United States of America 64
5.1 The Impact of the Internet 64
5.1.1 Real-Time Updates 64
5.1.2 Readily Accessible Training Materials Available ‘24/7’ 64
5.1.3 Quality-Assured Web Resources 65
5.1.4 Digital Diagnostics 65
5.2 The Changing Role of the Extension Specialist 66
5.3 Evolving Extension Programming 66
5.4 Privatisation 67
Reference 67
Chapter 6 68
Diagnostic Networks for Plant Biosecurity 68
6.1 Why Plant Health Is Important 68
6.1.1 Food 68
6.1.2 Medicine 69
6.1.3 CO2 and Sequestration 69
6.1.4 Fuels 70
6.1.5 Aesthetic Value 70
6.2 Challenges to Sustainable Plant Health 70
6.2.1 Global Trade 71
6.2.2 Population 71
6.3 The National Plant Diagnostic Network 72
6.3.1 Mission and History 72
6.3.2 Diagnosis Hierarchy 73
6.3.3 Diagnostic Infrastructure and Operations 74
6.3.3.1 Triage 74
6.3.3.2 Telemedicine System 74
6.3.3.3 Molecular Diagnostics 75
6.3.3.4 Lab Accreditation System 76
6.3.3.5 National Repository of Diagnostic Data 77
6.3.3.6 Ring Testing and Research Support 77
6.4 Communications Infrastructure and Operations 77
6.5 Training and Education 78
6.5.1 First Detectors 78
6.5.2 Diagnosticians 79
6.5.3 Preparedness Exercises 79
6.6 A Case for International Networks 80
References 81
Chapter 7 84
Plant Clinics and Phytopathology Training 84
7.1 Introduction 84
7.2 The Belgian Agricultural and Educational Context 85
7.3 Agricultural and Crop Protection Training at UCL 86
7.4 The Plant Clinic Course at UCL 87
7.4.1 Content of the Plant Clinic Course 89
7.4.1.1 Fungal Diseases 89
7.4.1.2 Bacterial Diseases 90
7.4.1.3 Virus and ‘Virus-Like’ Diseases 91
7.4.1.4 Herbarium 91
7.4.2 Plant Clinic Capacity Testing 92
7.4.3 Assessment of the Plant Clinic Course 94
7.5 The Plant Clinic Service at Louvain-La-Neuve 94
7.6 Relationship Between the Plant Clinic Service and the Plant Clinic Course 97
7.7 Conclusions 98
References 98
Chapter 8 100
Training in Plant Pathology from an Industry Perspective 100
8.1 Introduction 100
8.2 Which Are the Most Important Symptoms of Plant Diseases? 101
8.3 Which Are the Most Important Diseases on Important Crops? 102
8.4 What Is the Spectrum of Activity for Fungicides? 103
8.5 How to Study and Explain Inheritance of Traits in Pathogens 105
8.6 Conclusions 108
References 109
Chapter 9 110
Sustainable Crop Protection and Environment Protection: Eight Years of Technology Transfer Between China and Italy 110
9.1 Introduction 110
9.2 A Brief Overview of Agriculture in China 111
9.2.1 Farm Inputs 111
9.2.2 Productivity 112
9.3 Agricultural Research in China 113
9.3.1 The Tenth Five-Year Plan (2001–2005) 113
9.3.2 The 11th Five-Year Plan (2006–2010) 114
9.3.3 Plant Protection 115
9.4 Technology Transfer Between China and Italy in the Field of Sustainable Crop Protection 116
9.4.1 Background 116
9.4.2 Recorded Examples 118
9.4.2.1 Control of Root-Knot Nematode 118
9.4.2.2 Drip Irrigation 119
9.4.2.3 Biodegradable Plastic Film 119
9.4.2.4 Cropping Systems 119
9.4.2.5 Pesticides 121
9.4.2.6 Grafting 122
9.5 Projects Features and Constraints 122
9.5.1 Crop and Site Selection 123
9.5.2 Capacity Building 123
9.5.3 Involvement of the Private Sector 124
9.6 Conclusions 125
References 126
Index 128