Plant Growth Signaling (eBook)

Editors 7
Preface 8
Contents 12
Signals and Mechanisms in the Control of Plant Growth 14
1 Introduction and Background 14
2 Regulation of Growth 18
3 Plant Growth Responses to Environmental Change 21
4 Root Growth 25
5 Integration of Growth Control 27
6 Conclusions and Perspectives 29
References 31
Control of Plant Organ Size 38
1 Introduction 38
2 Control of Growth by Proliferation 41
3 Control of Growth by Expansion 46
4 How Does Organ Identity or Tissue Patterning Modify Growth? 48
5 Evolution of Plant Organ Size 51
6 Higher-Level Control of Organ Size and Plant-Wide Integration 52
7 Concluding Remarks 52
References 53
Control of Leaf Morphogenesis by Long- and Short- Distance Signaling: Differentiation of Leaves Into Sun or Shade Types and Compensated Cell Enlargement 60
1 Introduction 60
2 Differentiation of Leaves Into Sun and Shade Types 62
3 Organ-Wide Control of Leaf Size 66
References 71
Plant Growth Dynamics: Analysis of Basic Spatial and Temporal Growth Patterns on the Background of Photosynthetic Energy Gain and Interactions with the Environment 76
1 Introduction—The Relevance of Plant Growth 76
2 Technical Requirements and Optimized Cultivation Systems to Analyze Plant Growth Dynamics 77
3 Basic Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Organ Growth Distributions 82
4 Utilization of Light Energy as a Basic Requirement of Plant Growth 85
5 The Carbohydrate Metabolism Mediates Between the Gain of Light Energy and the Production of Biomass 88
6 The Effect of Altered Environmental Factors Interfering with the Connection Between Light, Photosynthesis and Leaf Growth Dynamics 90
7 Conclusions 93
References 94
Keeping the Balance Between Proliferation and Differentiation by the E2F Transcriptional Regulatory Network is Central to Plant Growth and Development 102
1 Introduction 102
2 Animal E2Fs 103
3 The Chlamidomonas E2F-RB Pathway the Simplest Scenario
4 The Arabidopsis E2F Family 106
5 Conclusions 114
References 115
Plant Cell Growth Signalling and Its Link to Ploidy 120
1 Introduction 120
2 How is Endoreduplication Controlled in Plants? 122
3 How Is Cell Size Controlled in Plants? 133
4 Conclusion 135
References 135
Epidermal Signalling and the Control of Plant Shoot Growth 140
1 Introduction 140
2 The Ontogeny of the Shoot Epidermal Cell Layer 141
3 Epidermal Contribution to Plant Growth Control 143
4 Specifying and Maintaining a Functional Epidermal Cell Layer 156
References 161
Signaling in Auxin-Dependent Plant Development 168
1 Introduction 168
2 Auxin Signaling 169
3 Signaling Directing Auxin Distribution 175
4 Conclusion 183
References 184
Brassinosteroid Signaling 192
1 Introduction 192
2 The Role of Receptor Kinases in BR Signaling 193
3 BRI1 Substrates and Interacting Proteins 202
4 Downstream Components of BR Signaling 203
5 Concluding Remarks 204
References 206
Ethylene: Inhibitor and Stimulator of Plant Growth 212
1 Ethylene Synthesis 212
2 Ethylene Signaling 215
3 Growth Inhibition 216
4 Growth Stimulation 221
5 The Balance Between Growth Stimulation and Growth Inhibition: Concentration Dependent? 226
References 227
Light and the Control of Plant Growth 236
1 Introduction 236
2 Biology of the Photoreceptors 238
3 Light Promotes Radicle Growth and Germination 239
4 Light Inhibits Hypocotyl, Internode and Leaf Petiole Extension Growth 240
5 Light Promotes Leaf Initiation and Cotyledon and Leaf Blade Expansion 246
6 A Conflict Between Positive and Negative Responses? 247
7 Is There a Central, Light-Dependent Control of Differentiation? 248
8 Increased Light Quantity Promotes and Adjusts the Growth of Leaves 250
References 251
TOR Signaling in Plants 256
1 Introduction—Plants and TOR 256
2 TORC1 and TORC2—the Central Themes of TOR Signaling 256
3 TOR Signaling in Plants—Introduction 259
4 Bioinformatics as a Tool 259
5 Rapamycin as a Tool 261
6 Biochemistry as a Tool: TOR and TORC Protein Interactions 262
7 Genetic Analysis of TOR Signaling in Plants 263
8 Implications for TOR Signaling in Plants 266
References 268
MAP Kinase Cascades Controlling Cell Division, Plant Growth and Development 274
1 Introduction 274
2 The Plant Genome Encodes a Variety of MAPKs, MAPKKs and MAPKKKs 275
3 The MAP Kinase Pathway as a Regulator of Plant Cytokinesis 275
4 YODA is a MAPKKK that is Part of a MAPK Signaling Pathway Regulating Cell Differentiation 281
5 MAP Kinase Signaling in Root Hair Development 282
6 MAP Kinase Pathways in Phytohormone Signaling 283
7 Multiple Roles of a MAP Kinase Pathway in Response to Various Signals 284
References 285
Protein Phosphatases in Plant Growth Signalling Pathways 290
1 Plant Protein Phosphatase Families 290
2 Protein Tyrosine Superfamily (PTP) 293
3 PP2C Family of Plant Protein Phosphatases 297
References 304
Armadillo Repeat Proteins: Versatile Regulators of Plant Development and Signalling 312
1 Introduction 312
2 Arm-Repeat Proteins in Plant Growth, Development and Hormone Signalling 314
3 Arm-Repeat Proteins Regulate Plant Cell Architecture 319
4 Arm-Repeat Proteins in Plant Cell Death 321
5 Conclusions 323
References 324
Mass Spectrometry Based Proteomics as a Tool for the Analysis of Protein – Protein Interactions in Signaling Processes 328
1 Introduction 328
2 Domains, Motifs, and Modification 329
3 Strategies for Interaction Screening 332
4 Search for Kinases 336
5 Dynamics in Signaling Events 338
6 Conclusion 339
References 339
Signal Transduction Networks During Stress Responses in Arabidopsis: High-Throughput Analysis and Modelling 344
1 Introduction – Signalling Networks and Signalling Pathways 344
2 The Use of High-Throughput Transcriptomics Data to Infer Signalling Networks Activated During Stress 345
3 The Next Phase of Microarray Analysis is to Add Structure to the Data: Novel Available Bioinformatics Tools for Database- Hopping Biologists 349
4 The Modelling of Large Complex Networks 351
5 Computational Frameworks to Model Signalling Networks in 352
6 Protein Interaction Networks 355
7 Conclusions 358
References 359
Cell Growth Control in an Algal Model 364
1 Introduction 364
2 The Basic Cell Cycle 365
3 Multiple Fission: A Variation on the Theme 366
4 Chlamydomonas 369
5 Other Models 372
References 379
Subject Index 388