Competitive Anxiety in Sport

Rainer Martens, PhD, is the developer of the Sport Competition Anxiety Test (SCAT), the first instrument to assess sport-specific anxiety. A sport psychologist for more than 20 years and a professor in the Department of Kinesiology at the University of Illinois, Dr. Martens is widely recognized for his research on competitive anxiety. He lectured on the subject in the Soviet Union as the first American sport psychologist to visit that country. Dr. Martens is the past president of the North American Society for the Psychology of Sport and Physical Activity and the recipient of the Distinguished Alumnus Award from Emporia State University. He is the author of numerous books on coaching and sport psychology and is president of Human Kinetics Publishers. Away from his professional responsibilities, Dr. Martens enjoys jogging, biking, and handball. Robin S. Vealey, PhD, is an assistant professor in the Department of Physical Education, Health, and Sport Studies at Miami University in Oxford, Ohio. She earned her PhD in sport psychology at the University of Illinois, where she concentrated her research on competitive anxiety and self-confidence under the direction of Dr. Martens. Dr. Vealey serves on the executive board of the Association for the Advancement of Applied Sport Psychology and the editorial boards of the Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, The Sport Psychologist, and the Journal of Applied Sport Psychology. She enjoys a variety of sports and fitness activities, including racquetball, basketball, golf, biking, and swimming. As an accomplished athlete, Dr. Vealey admits to firsthand knowledge of competitive anxiety! Like his coauthor Robin Vealey, Damon Burton, PhD, studied for his PhD under the tutelage of Dr. Martens at the University of Illinois. His research activities focused heavily on the development and validation of the CSAI-2, as well as a goal-setting program designed to reduce anxiety among collegiate swimmers. Dr. Burton is an associate professor of sport psychology at the University of Idaho.

Part I. Development and Validation of the Sport Competition Anxiety TestChapter 1. Anxiety in Sport-Competitive Anxiety Terminology-Competitive Anxiety Model-Glossary of Competitive Anxiety Terms-SummaryChapter 2. Competitive Trait Anxiety-The Interactional Paradigm-General Anxiety Versus Situation-Specific Anxiety-A Trait-State Theory of Anxiety-The Competitive Process-Applying the Competitive Process Model to Competitive Anxiety SummaryChapter 3. Development of SCAT-Planning the Inventory-Item Selection-Reliability-Internal Consistency-Validity-SummaryChapter 4. Construct Validation of SCAT-Construct Validation Model-Original Construct Validation Research-SummaryChapter 5. Using SCAT and SCAT Norms-Administration of SCAT-Scoring SCAT-SCAT NormsPart II. Sport Competition Anxiety Test: Literature Review, Current Status, and Future DirectionsChapter 6. Research Using SCAT: Review and Analysis-Additional Psychometric Research-An Expanded Model of Competitive Anxiety-Relationship Between Competitive A-Trait and Other Intrapersonal Factors-Perception of Threat: A Result of Competitive A-Trait and Situational Factors-Influence of Perception of Threat on State Responses-Competitive A-Trait and Motor Performance-Influence of Competitive A-Trait and Performance on Performance Outcomes-Influence of Performance Outcomes on Competitive A-Trait Intervention-Coaches' Ability to Predict Competitive A-Trait and A-State in Athletes-SummaryChapter 7. SCAT: Conclusions, Problems, and Future Directions-Conclusions Drawn From Research Using SCAT-Problems in SCAT Research-Future Directions for SCAT Research-SummaryPart III. Development and Validation of the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2Rainer Martens, Damon Burton, Robin S. Vealey, Linda A. Bump, and Daniel E. SmithChapter 8. A Multidimensional Theory of Competitive State Anxiety-Cognitive and Somatic A-State Defined-Significance of the Cognitive-Somatic Distinction-Independence of Cognitive and Somatic A-State-SummaryChapter 9. Development of the CSAI-2-Development and Analysis of Form A-Form B-Form C-Form D-Reliability-Concurrent Validity-Independence of the CSAI-2 Subscales-Social Desirability and the Development of Form E-SummaryChapter 10. Construct Validation of the CSAI-2-Study 1: Variables Influencing Competitive A-State-Study 2: Changes in Competitive A-State as the Time to Compete Nears-Study 3: The Relationship Between Performance and the CSAI-2 Subscales-Study 4: The Relationship Between CSAI-2 Subscales and a More Sensitive -Intraindividual Performance Measure-SummaryChapter 11. Using the CSAI-2 and CSAI-2 Norms-Administration of the CSAI-2-The Inventory-Scoring the CSAI-2-CSAI-2 NormsPart IV. Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2: Literature Review, Current Status, and Future DirectionsChapter 12. Research Using the CSAI-2: Review and Analysis-Relationships Between CSAI-2 Components and Other Intrapersonal Factors-Interrelationships Between CSAI-2 Components-Temporal Changes in CSAI-2 Components-Antecedents of CSAI-2 Components-Relationship Between CSAI-2 Components and Motor Performance Effect of Intervention on the CSAI-2 Components-SummaryChapter 13. CSAI-2: Conclusions, Problems, and Future Directions-Conclusions Drawn From Research Using the CSAI-2-Problems in CSAI-2 Research-Future Directions for CSAI-2 Research-SummaryPart V. Concluding With a TheoryChapter 14. A Theory of Competitive Anxiety-Basic Propositions-Causes of Competitive A-State-Reciprocal Influence of Uncertainty and Importance-Consensual Validation-Reduction of Uncertainty-Reduction of Importance-Questions Regarding Competitive A-Trait-Stress Management and the Theory of Competitive Anxiety-SummaryAppendix A. Published Empirical Studies Using SCATAppendix B. Annotated Bibliography of Doctoral Dissertations Using SCATAppendix C. Published Empirical Studies Using the CSAI-2 ReferencesAuthor IndexSubject Index